Definition and Examples of Parsing in English Grammar

Parsing is a grammatical exercise that involves breaking down a text into its component parts of speech with an explanation of the form, function, and syntactic relationship of each part so that the text can be understood. The term parsing comes from the Latin pars for part (of speech). In contemporary linguistics, parsing usually refers to the computer-aided syntactic analysis of language. Computer programs that automatically add parsing tags to a text are called parsers. Key Takeaways: Parsing Parsing is the process of breaking down a sentence into its elements so that the sentence can be understood.Traditional parsing is done by hand, sometimes using sentence diagrams. Parsing is also involved in more complex forms of analysis such as discourse analysis and psycholinguistics. Parse Definition In linguistics, to parse means to break down a sentence into its component parts so that the meaning of the sentence can be understood. Sometimes parsing is done with the help of tools such as sentence diagrams (visual representations of syntactical constructions). When parsing a sentence, the reader takes note of the sentence elements and their parts of speech (whether a word is a noun, verb, adjective, etc.). The reader also notices other elements such as the verb tense (present tense, past tense, future tense, etc.). Once the sentence is broken down, the reader can use their analysis to interpret the meaning of the sentence. Some linguists draw a distinction between full parsing and skeleton parsing. The former refers to the full analysis of a text, including as detailed a description of its elements as possible. The latter refers to a simpler form of analysis used to grasp a sentences basic meaning. Traditional Methods of Parsing Traditionally, parsing is done by taking a sentence and breaking it down into different parts of speech. The words are placed into distinct grammatical categories, and then the grammatical relationships between the words are identified, allowing the reader to interpret the sentence. For example, take the following sentence: The man opened the door. To parse this sentence, we first classify each word by its part of speech: the (article), man (noun), opened (verb), the (article), door (noun). The sentence has only one verb (opened); we can then identify the subject and object of that verb. In this case, since the man is performing the action, the subject is man and the object is door. Because the verb is opened—rather than opens or will open—we know that the sentence is in the past tense, meaning the action described has already occurred. This example is a simple one, but it shows how parsing can be used to illuminate the meaning of a text. Traditional methods of parsing may or may not include sentence diagrams. Such visual aids are sometimes helpful when the sentences being analyzed are especially complex. Discourse Analysis Unlike simple parsing, discourse analysis refers to a broader field of study concerned with the social and psychological aspects of language. Those who perform discourse analysis are interested in, among other topics, genres of language (those with certain set conventions within different fields) and the relationships between language and social behavior, politics, and memory. In this way, discourse analysis goes far beyond the scope of traditional parsing, which is limited to that individual texts. Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics is a field of study that deals with language and its relationship with psychology and neuroscience. Scientists who work in this field study the ways in which the brain processes language, transforming signs and symbols into meaningful statements. As such, they are primarily interested in the underlying processes that make traditional parsing possible. They are interested, for example, in how different brain structures facilitate language acquisition and comprehension. Computer-Assisted Parsing Computational linguistics is a field of study in which scientists have used a rules-based approach to develop computer models of human languages. This work combines computer science with cognitive science, mathematics, philosophy, and artificial intelligence. With computer-assisted parsing, scientists can use algorithms to perform text analysis. This is especially useful to scientists because, unlike traditional parsing, such tools can be used to quickly analyze large volumes of text, revealing patterns and other information that could not be easily obtained otherwise. In the emerging field of digital humanities, for example, computer-assisted parsing has been used to analyze the works of Shakespeare; in 2016, literary historians concluded from a computer analysis of the play that Christopher Marlowe was the co-author of Shakespeares Henry VI. One of the challenges of computer-assisted parsing is that computer models of language are rule-based, meaning scientists must tell algorithms how to interpret certain structures and patterns. In actual human language, however, such structures and patterns do not always share the same meanings, and linguists must analyze individual examples to determine the principles that govern them. Sources Dowty, David R., et al. Natural Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational and Theoretical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2005.Halley, Ned. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Modern English: Grammar, Syntax and Style for the 21st Century. Wordsworth Editions, 2001.

The Relationship Between Mythology And History Ancient...

An analysis of the Relationship between Mythology and History: Mythology in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt William R Madden Western Civilization September 25, 2017 How has history been affected by the myths of ancient cultures? Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines the word history as â€Å"a chronological record of significant events.† In contrast, Merriam-Webster defines the word mythology as â€Å"an allegorical narrative† or â€Å"a body of myths: such as: the myths dealing with the gods, demigods, and legendary heroes of a particular people.† History is generally implied to be a record of events as they occur, while mythology often tells fantastical stories of figures who are used as vehicles to provide a message for the audience.†¦show more content†¦Archeology compliments and corroborates written and oral history with physical evidence. Mythology may sometimes contain an element of truth . We might dismiss mythological tales of ancient gods and goddesses or divinely empowered heroes as wholly implausible entertainment. However, when examined impartially we might reveal that some stories are derived or inspired by actual historical events . Mythology has influenced other cultures, sometimes becoming adopted into new host societies – often morphing into new interpretations with each adaptation. In most cultures mythology begins with the human attempt to give meaning to the natural world we live in . For the Ancient Egyptians the cyclical rhythms of the Nile river, along with other elements of nature, were ascribed to the various deities which created and maintained life within the Egyptian mythos . Mesopotamia, another early civilization, developed a similar mythology structure as the Egyptians. Ancient Mesopotamians felt the Gods were responsible for shaping the world they resided in . Both cultures placed a g reat deal of emphasis on the life-sustaining river, or rivers on the which their societies were dependent. Egypt and Mesopotamia likely did not have very much interaction at the outset of their development, and so, the mythologicalShow MoreRelated The History of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt are both cradles of civilization. Both contributed greatly to human development through their achievements, failures, peoples, scientific accomplishments, philosophies, religions, and contributions. Mesopotamia is a rich flat plain created by deposits from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. At the southern end of this plain developed the first recognizable civilization, in the area known as Sumer. In 3000Read MoreThe Creation Myth Of Ancient Egyptian Civilization1852 Words   |  8 Pagesaimed at pleasing a god or gods. 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Motivation Problem Free Essays

On our assembly lines, we were trying to implement a new design that required radically new methods to assemble to the product. At the same time the operators were locked in negotiations with the management for a pay scale review. We had to come up with ways to get the operators to be motivated to start assembling the new designs. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a vehicle assembly line, feedback you get from the operator Is extremely Important when it comes to usability of a product assembly process. Manufacturing engineers design the processes In their head (especially for products that are not yet physically available for use) and hence need the operators to start using the prototype machines and facilities and start coming out with constructive feedback that lists the Improvements that workers feel will make their life easier and the production quality and volume targets can be met. But when the worker Is disengaged due to other considerations on his mind, coming up with constructive criticisms Is very difficult. Actually, criticisms were shared of the new facilities and processes but they are shared in a very destructive manner. Here we have a management that is demanding that the workers change their currently comfortable work environment (at least the one which they are now used to) and take up completely new processes which may or may not be beneficial to them while being engaged in a pay dispute. Based on the findings about what drives people, usually when the money is off the table autonomy, master and purpose are the key factors. The traditional carrot and stick approach may have worked before where the work involved was highly mechanical as there was no thinking necessary due to years of practicing one type of process. But here the workers had to get used to a completely new process and they had to suggest improvements. Management has a target to limit the pay increase while still maintaining morale and motivation for the worker. They had to add incentives within the pay agreement that allowed them some flexibility in the rates while keeping the workers happy. Motivation Problem By makeover designs. In a vehicle assembly line, feedback you get from the operator is extremely important when it comes to usability of a product assembly process. Manufacturing engineers design the processes in their head (especially for products that are not yet that lists the improvements that workers feel will make their life easier and the production quality and volume targets can be met. But when the worker is criticisms is very difficult. Actually, criticisms were shared of the new facilities and How to cite Motivation Problem, Papers

Emily Dickinson Poetry Essay Example For Students

Emily Dickinson Poetry Essay Emily Dickinson is an American poet of exclusion, whose writing consists of passionate and emotional eccentric meanings with much complexity. Her poems interpret her relationship with society, where she struggles to maintain her Independence and needs to Isolate from society to malignant this. Dickinson use of structure, syntax and rhyme are complex and do not conform to the norms of poetic structure, which Is a parallel to Emily peculiar lifestyle. Dickinson poem A prison gets to be a friend explores her complicated understanding of limitation and freedom, reflecting her self-imposed isolation, wrought a male persona. A prison symbolizes confinement however, this limitation provides freedom for Dickinson persona which is depicted in the opening line of the poem. The narrator explains her contentment with isolation when she says that a prison gets to be a friend. This use of personification establishes the idea that the persona feels comfortable in their confinement, as If it were a friend. This signifies how Emily enjoys seclusion and has chosen a prison to be her refuge. In the following stanza, Emily shows appreciation of her confinement through, the appointed Beam which symbolizes something that provides the persona with support and structure. She uses symbolism of food In the second stanza when she writes It deals us- stated as our food to represent how the persona not only hungers, but depends on the self- imposed isolation. Dickinson uses juxtaposition to explain the seclusion of a prison by saying so miserable a sound-at first- nor ever now-so sweet, describing a prison as both miserable and sweet. This implies that although isolation may seem miserable at first, the privacy and exclusion will eventually grow on you and you begin to appreciate it. The reoccurring metaphor of a prison being the personas room is explored when she says A geometric Joy, which suggests that the square shape of a room and Its limited circuit brings contentment and comfort to the persona. In the fourth and fifth stanza, the Idea that the prison and the key are an Illusion Is acknowledged when Emily uses the word Phantasm proving to the audience that In actuality Dickinson has created this way of life and Is satisfied with the privacy it provides. In the final stanza, Dickinson imply that freedom can only be redeemed after life when she writes Too wide for any Night but Heaven. This suggests that you cant experience freedom until after life, and until then the personas self created prison is the only sense of freedom they can gain. With the use of language and structure used through Emily poetry her understanding of life is clearly depicted as unique, as Dickinson recognizes the way in which she finds contentment is of a depressing nature in comparison to the way others gain happiness. From this poem the audience may come to the conclusion that the personas view on confinement is an expression of Dickinson understanding of freedom and Limitation throughout life. The poem l had been hungry should be read metaphorically, as standing for the speakers desire for what she lacks and what others possess. Emily reflects on her one, Emily writes I had been hungry all the years displaying through the use of a sustained metaphor of hunger that Emily had been lacking something all her life. This statement is written in past tense implying to the reader that Dickinson has now found or come to a conclusion about her desire for what she believed she was lacking. Dickinson is using the word curious to describe the wine, which represents err connection with people and their way of life which to her is difficult to understand where as to most it would be normal. Emily lack of indulgence in human connection is depicted in the second stanza when she couples the word hungry with the word home displaying that to Dickinson it was normal not to have that emotional connection. In stanza two, Emily uses the window to symbolism the barrier between the persona and the world they want to inhabit, insinuating that Emily does not belong. .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f , .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f .postImageUrl , .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f , .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f:hover , .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f:visited , .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f:active { border:0!important; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f:active , .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufdd027d18fbda9a90ed74d912bce1f9f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare the poems 'Out, Out' by Robert Frost and 'Mid Term Break' by Seamus Heaney EssayIn the following stanza, Dickinson uses Juxtaposition of a crumb to bread to highlight how different her world and the real world are. This is also a metaphor to represent her life and how she doesnt believe she has experienced the fullness of lifes potential experiences yet. Stanza four begins with plenty hurt me as a metaphor for the negative impact that was created by these new experiences her persona had faced. Emily writing myself felt ill and odd outlines that once passion and love were obtained she couldnt cope with having it and felt uncomfortable. What she believed she desired she later discovered it was not what she wanted and was too much for her to handle. This made Emily feel alienated and spliced which is further implied when she says in the fourth stanza as a berry of a mountain bush transplanted to the road. This simile expresses to the reader that although Emily chose this lifestyle for herself she understood it was not following the norms of society and made her a person of difference resulting in the experience of alienation and displacement. Throughout this poem Emily sustained metaphor of hunger allowed the audience to realism, by stanza 5, that she is defined by hunger when she says so I found that hunger was a way, which she clearly chose. The last nine entering takes away is a paradox which explains how experiencing the different ways of life has changed her and made her more confident in her purposely excluded way of living. Dickinson understand of disappointment in life is explored through the belief that we may often covet something which, once we receive it, disappoints us. This is what happened to Emily once she obtained passion and romance she realized it doesnt create fulfillment, however her unusual lifestyle is what brings the most satisfaction to her. Emily Dickinson conveys her understanding of immortality that is achieved through he written word in her poem A word dropped careless on a page. Dickinson use of syntax on the word careless in the first sentence puts emphasis the affect of the incorrect grammar of one word. This can reflect to a humans life and the choices they make, although being a small mistake it could have a large impact. Emily follows this with imagery of words being dropped on a page to hold a metaphor for a human life and display how fragile a life can be, and how the way in which that life is lived could encourage good or bad situations. In the first stanza the use of the word perpetual is laced ironically as it is followed by an abrupt stop. This enjambment highlights the choices can have an impact that will last forever. The second stanza is started with visual imagery of disease infection. This illness is a sustained metaphor within the poem, as she defines the infection as malaria, which will not disappear Just like the written word will not disappear. The existence of the written word is exaggerated with the characteristics of being immortal, in the second stanza and the use of a hyperbola enforces a long existence to words when Emily writes A distance of centuries. Therefore, Emily understanding of immortality is greatly influenced by the written word and how she considers that perhaps her writing may have an impact after she is gone. These poems with themes of immortality, disappointment and freedom complement each other to help portray how Dickinson represents complex ideas of understanding life through her poetry. Although most may see a lack of human connection as a sad, unsatisfying lifestyle, we as her audience must accept that this is Emily Dickinson chosen path for her unique way of gaining contentment, dealing with society and maintaining her independence.

Patriotism Is an Outdated Notion free essay sample

To say that patriotism is outdated is to imply that the concept of nation is outdated. For me patriotism Is a word, nothing more nothing less, when I feel patriotic I dont call It patriotism, I call It. Being human. It Is perhaps our disguised patriotism that we fight today In the world, and It will be our disguised patriotism that will lead us into world destruction. Again like I said, patriotism Is a word defined differently by dif people.Who define it the better way, I salute you and hats off to you, those who do it the wrong way, well I cant do nothing much about it. Patriotism is not something that should be on display only on the 1 5th of August and the 26th of January or when the country is facing a war. We need to be patriotic In our everyday life. We can be true patriots by becoming good citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Patriotism Is an Outdated Notion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Simple things like keeping your streets clean, following the traffic rules, refusing to bribe or be bribed L these go towards the construction of a better nation. This Is patriotism for me or at least, this Is the patriotism that should be shown by a mature country. The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. So in order for us to be free then patriots must exist because without patriots the tree of liberty will dry up, and wither away. Leaving us bare, alone and as slaves.Perhaps the people who said patriotism is an outdated concept, said it while thinking bout a lot of different things, that you and I do not see when we read such stuff. In one sense they may be questioning the definition of patriotism as thought by many patriots. Be the change that you want to see in (India) the World. MAHATMA GANDHI A mans feet must be planted in his country, but his eyes should survey the world. George Santayana Let me end by saying, as Lord Byron said- He, who loves not his country, can love nothing.Patriotism Is an Outdated Notion By kissable For me patriotism is a word, nothing more nothing less, when I feel patriotic I dont call it patriotism, I call it. Being human. It is perhaps our disguised patriotism that we fight today in the world, and it will be our disguised patriotism that will lead us into world destruction. Again like I said, patriotism is a word defined differently by We need to be patriotic in our everyday life. We can be true patriots by becoming nation.

Gay Rights Essays - Same-sex Sexuality, Sexual Orientation

Gay Rights Essays - Same-sex Sexuality, Sexual Orientation Gay Rights Homosexuals: Fight for Rights Gay rights is a touchy subject especially in the united states. It is the fight for homosexuals to be treated as everyone else, the fight to be given what they desearve, the fight to live without torment, the fight for peace. This nation has the state of mind that how the ideal person lives, is normal, and anyone not living that way is wrong. The people of this country pick on and torment people because they are different or not like them. Why do thay do thiswho knows. John Catlin M. D. states that Many indeviduals that bully other people due to sexual origin, usually are battling sexual insecurities themselves (1) In New York there was a poll taken from the people, on the thoughts of gay rights. Many of them were displeased at the fact that homosexuals were discriminated against, and didnt have the same rights as heterosexuals. In November of 1989, Time magazine took a poll on what the people thought about legal benefits that homosexuals should receive. 62% came back saying that hom osexuals should be permitted to receive medical, and life insurance benefits from their life long partner. (101) And yet nothing has come of that yet. Homosexuals deserve equal treatment legally and socially. Throughout the world homosexual people have been discriminated against for all types of different reasons and basically all of them are unjust. Homosexualality is not caused by abuse at a young age, it is not curable, it is not a disease or disorder and it is defiantly NOT learnt. For decades the incidence of homosexuality in the general population has been estimated to be approximately ten percent. Organisations opposed to gay rights have consistently claimed the number to be much lower. Despite the controversy, ten percent still remains the most widely accepted estimate (Issacson, 101) so why do people think of homosexuals as being strange or weird. There are many people around the world who are discriminating against homosexuals without even knowing it. One of these is when someone calls someone else a bad name such as a Pofter or Fagot, not really meaning it but saying it just as a hurtful name just because everyone else says it. This saying is not meant but it degrades every hom osexual in the world every time some uses those words. There is another myth about homosexuals and is that a lot of people think that they are obsessed with sex. Contrary to popular belief, gay men and lesbians are no more inclined to be consumed with sexual thoughts or feelings than heterosexual counterparts, nor are they attracted to everyone of the same sex they meet. (Weinberg, 109) The lives of homosexuals, like the lives of heterosexuals are about much more than sex, but it's easy to see why people believe these common myths that have been expressed by a lot of people. Many people do not even realise that they know someone who is gay because of the amount of gays that are in the community. Unfortunately, these misguided heterosexuals only knowledge of homosexuality comes from the media or anti-gay organisations that are trying to destroy the gay community, neither of which is likely to show the average gay person or couple in real life. The media is in the business of selling news, and radical behaviour of any kind sells, big time. Anti-gay organisations are in the business of making gay people appear as evil as possible. They will obviously focus their attention on the most radical behaviour that can be found within the gay community. Why do gay people flaunt their sexuality? Why don't they just keep it private? Well the majority of gay people don't flaunt their sexuality. As a matter of fact, many go to great lengths to hide their sexual preference. There is a double standard in our society. What some people consider to be flaunting by homosexuals is usually regarded as everyday behaviour for heterosexuals. This is a perfect example : A heterosexual couple walking hand in hand is perceived as normal. Very few would consider their behaviour to be inappropriate or rude, if they even noticed it at all. On the other hand, a lesbian

Global Leadership and Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Leadership and Influence - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that  one method of improving global leadership effectiveness is to restructure the organisation to include more employee empowerment and autonomy in their individual job roles. This process is known as decentralisation where lower-level employees are free to express their opinions and innovations to assist in achieving business success. â€Å"Decentralised companies result in empowerment, provide more procedural fairness to employees and provide faster decision-making†.This study stresses that under Hofstede’s model of cultural dimensions, there are collectivists and individualists who have radically different values. Collectivists value group loyalty and generally view themselves and the organisation as a family-oriented environment. Human resources leadership in the global environment must recognise this fact when dealing with workers from this type of cultural background and develop group focus and group rewards to fit these cultura l expectations. In a more individualistic society or when dealing with employees from this type of background, there must be a system in place that recognises individual accomplishment, such as through the annual performance appraisal and allow more room for self-expression in day-to-day business operations. A global leader cannot be effective without recognising these social and cultural norms and identify diversity initiatives to assist in building more competent staff. Also under Hofstede’s model of cultural dimensions is an element of culture known as uncertainty avoidance, or the level to which an individual or group is willing to accept risk and the unknown. â€Å"People in uncertainty accepting cultures are more tolerant of conflicting opinions and try to have fewer rules† (Donnison, 2008, p.17). In opposite accord, people hailing from cultures with a more risk-averse mentality avoid unstructured decision-making and generally demand contingency plans before accepting risk. A global leadership regime must recognise these differences and develop an organisational structure to fit these attitudes and build human resources-backed policies to assist in promoting or accepting these varying values. A business culture with a high