Politics (the founding fathers) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Governmental issues (the establishing fathers) - Essay Example They endeavored hard to eradicate the idea of elitism and endeavored to acquire equity the country. America through the illumination accomplished extraordinary homogeneity and solidarity. They submitted the whole country to a solitary language not at all like the Europeans. This homogeneity that was created out of the edification turned into the best quality of America and established the base for what it is presently. The amazing dreams of the American Enlightenment prepared for America's autonomy. This by itself made the essential standards of the American Government. The illumination ideas caused individuals to comprehend that a ruler or an administration needs to carefully hold fast to the higher laws of the republic. Political prodigies like Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamilton, Samuel Adams, John Adams, and James Madison effectively developed a legislature that was upheld by the individuals of the republic. These establishing fathers had the option to put the esta blishment of such an unconquerable realm, that is as yet sharp in ensuring the common privileges of man. They had enduring effects on the vote based system of America. The empowering thoughts of the traditional works and the climate that helped individuals build up a rage for insight and information were the significant element of the edification time frame. Advancements began placing in the fields of science, religion, and governmental issues and scholars bolstered the whole procedure with their detonating contemplations. Thomas Paine's Sound judgment and Thomas Jefferson's Affirmation of Independence were a portion of the results of the extreme Enlightenment presumptions. Thomas Paine's Presence of mind was one of the consequences of the edification time frame. The handout that was distributed during the American Revolution animated the transformation and censured the British principle cruelly. The considerations of the handout turned out to be amazingly famous and resounded in th e psyches of the American residents. Paine gave the copyright for Common Sense to the states, in this manner turning into the best volunteer of the edification development. Thomas Jefferson's Assertion of Independence is another composed verification of the illuminating considerations of the period. â€Å"Declaration of Independence† which is the most significant change of American history said that the Thirteen Colonies were free of Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson, the creator of the revelation has plainly expressed the purposes behind the partition from the British force. This â€Å"Declaration of Independence† is a definitive response of the illumination time frame that sincerely looked for opportunity from the incredible hands of the British Empire. It is the composed type of the craving of the early Americans. The hunger for freedom that created through the thoughts of the edification masterminds finished into the United States Declaration of Independence. The phi losophical foundation of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† is only the soul of republicanism that was conceived during the edification time frame. Republicanism or the essential structure of freedom is the center of the edification theory. George Washington’s name can never be excluded on the off chance that we talk about the historical backdrop of majority rules system in the United States. George Washington had in his grasp the decision to make America a popular government, fascism or realm. More than threefold he had the

Hamlet - Comment On Humanity Essays (986 words) -

Hamlet - Comment on Humanity The Elizabethan play The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark is one of William Shakespeare's most well known works. One of the potential explanations behind this current play's prevalence is the way Shakespeare utilizes the character Hamlet to represent the unpredictable operations of the human psyche. The methodology taken by Shakespeare in Hamlet has created endless various translations of importance, however it is through Hamlet's battle to stand up to his inward quandary, choosing when to vengeance his dads passing, that the peruser gets mindful of one of the increasingly basic translations in Hamlet; the possibility that Shakespeare is endeavoring to remark on the impact that one's perspective can have on the choices they make throughout everyday life. As the play unfurls, Shakespeare utilizes the experiences that Hamlet must face to show the impact that one's point of view can have in transit the psyche works. In his book Some Shakespeare Themes and An Approach to Hamlet, L.C. Knight pays heed to Shakespeare's utilization of these experiences to travel into the operations of the human psyche at the point when he composes: What we have in Hamlet.is the investigation and certain analysis of a specific perspective or consciousness.In Hamlet, Shakespeare utilizes a progression of experiences to uncover the complex condition of the human brain, comprised of reason, feeling, what's more, mentality towards oneself, to permit the peruser to make a judgment or structure a supposition about crucial parts of human life. (192) Shakespeare makes way for Hamlet's interior difficulty in Act 1, Scene 5 of Hamlet when the phantom of Hamlet's dad shows up and calls upon Hamlet to retribution his foul and most unnatural homicide (1.5.24). It is starting now and into the foreseeable future that Hamlet must battle with the predicament of whether to execute Claudius, his uncle, and if so when to really do it. As the play advances, Hamlet doesn't look for his vengeance whenever the open door introduces itself, and it is the thinking that Hamlet uses to legitimize his defer that gets central to the peruser's comprehension of the impact that Hamlet's psychological viewpoint has on his circumstance. So as to completely see how Hamlet's point of view plays an significant job in this play, the peruser must endeavor to answer the crucial inquiry: Why does Hamlet delay in rendering retribution on Claudius? In spite of the fact that the response to this inquiry is, best case scenario to some degree confounded, Mark W. Scott endeavors to offer some conceivable clarifications for Hamlet's postponement in his book, Shakespeare for Students: Pundits who discover the reason for Hamlet's postponement in his inward contemplations normally see the sovereign as a man of incredible good trustworthiness who is compelled to submit a demonstration which conflicts with his most profound standards. On various events, the sovereign attempts to make feeling of his ethical problem through close to home reflections, which Shakespeare presents as speeches. Another point of view of Hamlet's interior battle proposes that the sovereign has gotten so embittered with life since his dad's passing that he has neither the craving nor the will to get retribution. (74) Mr. Scott calls attention to profound quality and embitterment, the two of which have a place exclusively to a people own cognizant, as two potential reasons for Hamlet's dawdling, and in this manner he offers backing to the thought that Shakespeare is setting significant accentuation on the job of singular viewpoint in this play. The significance that Mr. Scott's remark puts on Hamlet's utilization of individual contemplations to bode well of his ethical predicament (74), additionally assists with supporting L.C. Knight's dispute that Shakespeare is endeavoring to utilize these issues to show the internal activities of the human brain. In Hamlet, Shakespeare offers the peruser a chance to assess the manner in which the title character handles an exceptionally muddled quandary and the issues that are created as a result of it. These issues that face Hamlet are maybe best seen as exaggerations of the very kinds of issues that all individuals must face as they live their lives every day. The greatness of these regular issues are quite often a matter of individual point of view. Every individual will see a given circumstance dependent on his own perspective. The one, maybe widespread, issue that faces all of humanity is the issue of character. As Victor L. Cahn

Animals as Friends, not Scientific Experiments Essay

Creatures as Friends, not Scientific Experiments - Essay Example As contended by rationalist David DeGrazia (1996), â€Å"The way to the moral treatment of creatures goes through their minds† (p. 76). His contention stress the benefit of thinking about animals’ mental being, for example, their reluctance, insight, acknowledgment, and capacity to feel delight and agony, in assessing the moral ramifications of creature experimentation. On the off chance that the prosperity of creatures rests in his/her feelings, and on the off chance that such feelings are the instrument of the psyche, at that point all certified good discussion over creature government assistance should somehow consider what is in the brains of these creatures. DeGrazia (1996) contends, â€Å"What sorts of mental limits we ascribe to creatures have a lot to do with how we figure they ought to be treated† (p.1). The contention of DeGrazia is convincing in light of the fact that it presents vital and interconnected issues. To begin with, is there genuinely a cont rast between the physical and the psychological in creature government assistance? Are craving and agony, which are essential worries of creature government assistance, really connected with the brains of creatures? Or then again are these government assistance concerns physical, or an association of the psychological and the physical? This paper starts with Albert Schweitzer’s point of view of creature government assistance that doesn't rely upon assessing the psychological abilities of creatures, to distinguish his commitment to the goals of specific instances of creature experimentation. Albert Schweitzer proposed regard for life as a rule for interfacing with and identifying with our condition. As indicated by Schweitzer, a moral man â€Å"does not ask how far either life merits compassion as important in itself, nor how far it is equipped for feeling. To him life as such is holy. He breaks no ice gems that shimmers in the sun, tears no leaf from its tress, severs no blo om, and is mindful so as not to pulverize any creepy crawly as he walks† (Carbone 2004, 48). This announcement is motivating, however does it add to the goals of the issue on how and when to research or test on creatures? Could the ‘ethical man’ morally dispense torment on creatures for logical research? Obviously, Schweitzer says yes to the last inquiry since he isn't a pundit of creature experimentation. He contends (Carbone 2004, 48): Those who test upon creatures by medical procedure and tranquilizes, or immunize them with infections so as to have the option to help humankind by the outcomes got, should never calm their souls with the conviction that their brutal activity may when all is said in done have a commendable reason. In each and every occurrence they should consider whether it is extremely important to request of a creature this penance for men. Furthermore, they should take restless consideration that the torment be moderated however much as could r easonably be expected. He recommended that life ought to be regarded and esteemed, independent of its situation on any human chain of command. In any case, he recognized the unique need to draw a line between when to spare an actual existence and surrender another, however gave for all intents and purposes no guidance for these choices. By setting his whole spotlight on the moral man’s credits rather on those to whom this ‘ethical man’ should give moral consideration to Schweitzer contributes inconsequential to the instances of creature government assistance. Science and innovation have their constraints and can't resolve the moral issues settled in about all creature government assistance conversations. For instance, few out of every odd affliction or torment can be by and by relieved with meds. What level of agony requires halting a logical resear

The Sole Strategy You Should Be Using for Child Essay Topics

<h1> The Sole Strategy You Should Be Using for Child Essay Topics </h1> <h2> The Battle Over Child Essay Topics and How to Win It </h2> <p>One of the best procedures to choose your subject is to discover one which you hear a solid point of view about. Disputable issues are occurring constantly, you should simply turn on the news and you can find an immense assortment of subjects to pick from. Digital broadcast mindfulness is rising. </p> <p>Not just will an amazing instructor answer every one of your inquiries yet will likewise observe that you are truly keen on composing a top quality research project. Composing contention exposition might be a craftsmanship in the sense so it requires careful comprehension of the subject, along with ability. On the off chance that you need to create a paper, you will be bewildered at what you can do should you comply with the means above. The article will test the understudy astuteness and capacity in addre ssing the inquiries and investigating the circumstance. </p> <p>In case it suits their understanding, they will show up further. Furthermore, clearly, you require great English! Be aware of your teacher's prerequisites Before you select a theme, you should demand point by point guidelines. Your educator will regularly call attention to exactly what is anticipated from you. </p> <h2>The Little-Known Secrets to Child Essay Topics </h2> <p>There are different private venture report composing tips which can likewise assist you with figuring out how to compose an exceptional report. Likewise, use all the scratch paper you need. The absolute initial step to composing the perfect research project is dissecting the materials you as of now have. In this way, you focus on composing a paper of average quality since you accept that is as well as can be expected do with the time you have close by. </p> <p>Bear as a top priority that it's easy to make acclimations to your article. You'll likewise require guides to m ake your focuses more grounded. Normally, an essential focal point exposition follows a regular paper group design. It is a sort of exposition planned for giving an individual translation and examination of a specific citation or proclamation, demonstrating one's assessment with the assistance of writing references. </p> <p>You must pinpoint what you have to write in your article. A pugnacious article is among the most inconvenient types of papers. Factious exposition points spread a wide choice of subjects, and can be very convincing if a superb paper speaks to them. Every so often, choosing an astounding contentious exposition subjects will be very intense. </p> <p>With that, you should ensure the flood of your article is smooth and sensible. Making an extraordinary contention article begins with a rundown of pugnacious paper themes. The body of the article can be broken into different sub-points that are identified with the essential subject. You should be aware of the article structure, which will arrange the bedlam in your musings. </p> <p>The exposition composing must be done in an all around arranged and organized way. Incorporate the class name and number that is about the article. Composing such sort of exposition is clearly a significant testing task for understudies. Something else to consider concerning paper group is that each passage ought to be autonomous and you'll lose marks on the off chance that they aren't. </p>

The End of College Hack How to Make an Essay out of Nothing

<h1>The End of College Hack How to Make an Essay from Nothing </h1> <p>Revising and altering are two procedures. In introduction classes like Comp I and Comp II, you'll in all probability be entrusted with composing a couple of papers through an assortment of drafts. Make an agenda from the task rules. Starting there, get out a piece of paper and begin conceptualizing thoughts for each. </p> <p>Taking the chance to create a very much established and interesting snare is a shrewd venture for all intents and purposes any school candidate. Taking out government-upheld understudy credits guarantees your advantage doesn't collect while you're in school. The most reasonable sum is probably somewhere close to both. No more work is required. </p> <h2> The College Hack How to Make an Essay from Nothing Pitfall</h2> <p>It can assist with communicating contemplations and thoughts how they visit your head, without expecting to sort out them o n screen. Regularly, you won't get a feeling of how to best execute a snare till you have completely built up the rest of your article. If so, you've gone to the right spot. Having a devoted area for it offers you, basically, your own special individual list of thoughts. </p> <p>Generally, it's a lot easier to stand out based on how you approach your subject than that which you state. Understudies gotten so imaginative when it has to do with exhausting subjects. Offer about your unmistakable point of view. Counsel your family member, companions or educators to encounter your substance once and mark the basic proposals. </p> <p>With the right methodology, you are as yet ready to make an exposition that wows. An exposition must delineate your restrictive characteristics alongside being close to home and attentive to have the option to radiate through. You wish to form an individual exposition. On the converse side, an awful exposition can dominate all your othe r accomplishments.</p> <p>Obviously, before you may compose your snare, you will need to comprehend what you're composing your paper about in the absolute first spot. Try not to accept that your life is too exhausting to even think about giving material for an astounding article. There are a ton of approaches to be fruitful at these expositions, inasmuch as you keep up your methodology fascinating. There are two or three fundamental things that go into a great Common App paper. </p> <p>If you're a decent author, school expositions may not be a ton of issue. All things considered, a school article is something which Admission workplaces get in wealth and need to choose especially from the part. Continuously remember that your school paper is an impression of your character and you must be straightforward by it! It is your opportunity to separate yourself from the several candidates who will probably be submitting scholastic portfolios like yours. </p> <p>You're probably going to need to begin solid in the event that you have to really snatch the enthusiasm of the entrance advisory board. With our recommendation, you're figure out what you should concentrate as a student. Should you need any overabundance support, go to your school's composing place. Just in the occasion your educator overlooks what your paper is about. </p> <h2> College Hack How to Make an Essay from Nothing Explained </h2> <p>There's no compelling reason to return later and squander gas just to find a coupon. Whatever application procedure you're experiencing, you'll presumably have a determination of numerous inquiries. As a rule, it's the sole part of the application wherein you get the opportunity to show the school who you truly are. Remember, it's the segment of your application that is completely heavily influenced by you. </p> <p>If you by and by have a great deal of proof your instructor has given you, and if you can deliver a point that the greater part of it demonstrates, at that point you've just done your exploration! Your school paper needs a snare in the presentation, and a stellar statement can offer validity to it. Basically, the less basic reasoning you apply to each address here, the higher you'll be in a situation to score. </p> <h2> The Key to Successful College Hack How to Make an Essay out of Nothing</h2> <p>Once more, the mystery is to be explicit. Your ability to be definite is indispensable for keeping the term check low. Make it work to your advantage! So benefit as much as possible from your ability to make statements quick. </p>

Essay Topics - How to Write Interesting Argumentative Essays

Essay Topics - How to Write Interesting Argumentative EssaysIn this article, I will provide you with four of the most interesting argumentative essay topics for college. Reading this list will help you determine what kind of essay topics you should include in your essay and which ones you should avoid.Argumentative essay topics that focus on emotions and feelings, such as love, friendship, motherhood, family, and others, are usually quite easy to write. On the other hand, arguments about the social or political situation in the country or world, and the kind of government that we live under, will be more difficult. Nevertheless, there are several essay topics that deal with such topics.There are argumentative essay topics that address philosophical subjects, which includes ethics, politics, and religion. Some of these arguments could be about different forms of socialism, capitalism, communism, and all. These topics will be presented in such a way that it will be easy for readers to understand the arguments and also remain focused during the whole essay.There are also argumentative essay topics that deal with the environment, natural sciences, and biology. Most of these topics deal with human beings, and the impact they have on the environment. A good example is arguing about evolution, or if man's interference in the earth's environment is natural or unnatural. One way to tackle these issues is to have the reader imagine what would happen if man created 'the perfect storm' that can't be controlled.Some of the argumentative essay topics that deal with history will often discuss human rights and freedom of speech. It is best to have a certain level of understanding about these issues. One of the best ways to start this topic is to argue against censorship. One thing to do is to keep the writing going by maintaining the focus throughout the whole essay.Interesting argumentative essay topics that are often cited by others include inventions and discoveries. One th ing to remember is that there are also two sides to every story, and no one can claim one fact for what they are not willing to fight for. Therefore, you should not simply agree with an invention because it seems like a good idea, rather, you should have an intelligent reason for your position.One of the most popular argumentative essay topics that is often ignored by students is that of religion. In these days, every debate is centered around political issues, and many students feel that religion is only important when dealing with politics. Although, in reality, religion is a major part of all people's lives, and it has a direct impact on everything. Therefore, one of the best ways to tackle this topic is to have the reader think logically about the topic.In conclusion, I want to mention that if you want to write great essay topics, you should remember that most people are either politically correct or not. In order to avoid offending anyone, it is best to write with a certain sen se of humor. Finally, always remember that essay topics will usually vary according to the type of topic that you will be writing about.

Should I Put Daydreaming in a College Application Essay?

<h1>Should I Put Daydreaming in a College Application Essay?</h1><p>Should I put wandering off in fantasy land in a school application paper? It relies upon what you need to state. In case you're focusing on that ideal school acknowledgment letter, staring off into space is absolutely worth considering.</p><p></p><p>College applications all require articles. For school confirmation, exposition composing is the contrast among acknowledgment and rejection.</p><p></p><p>The SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) and ACT (Academic Qualifications Test) are two of the most broadly utilized tests used to quantify scholarly achievements and the degree of trouble of the understudies applying to the school. Understudies for the most part take the SAT or ACT simultaneously they present their first year recruit or sophomore affirmations expositions. What's more, while presenting your confirmation article, make sure to follow these tips to make it increasingly proficient and convincing.</p><p></p><p>In request to compose an affirmations paper that doesn't resemble a meandering aimlessly scatter of separated realities, you should concentrate on what you need to state. You can generally change a couple of words to a great extent however consistently remain sorted out and incorporate supporting proof (explanations that help your article). That is the reason school application papers are typically written in sequential request. Continuously record the 'paper objective' first, trailed by taking your point and sorting out it chronologically.</p><p></p><p>Most school application articles are planned to draw in the consideration of the entrance advisory board. This is the place wandering off in fantasy land comes in. Utilize the knowledge of wandering off in fantasy land to help make your exposition one of a kind and compelling.</p><p></p><p>You can util ize your creative mind when arranging the structure of your paper. Take a stab at putting dynamic thoughts in your article. For instance, on the off chance that you have some information about wandering off in fantasy land, at that point attempt to communicate it in a consistent way utilizing your scholastic encounters from adolescence and other related events.</p><p></p><p>Daydreaming can likewise be applied to depicting your general character and properties. Attempt to place a portrayal of your inventiveness and creativity in your exposition. Use instances of things you've done previously, for example, playing the piano or learning an unknown dialect. There are boundless models that you can use to depict your creativity.</p><p></p><p>Daydreaming in school application articles can be precarious. It is significant that you put thought into how you express your thoughts. Follow these straightforward tips and you will have an ideal schoo l exposition without daydreaming!</p>

Whos Worried About Cover Page for Article Review and Why You Should Be Paying Attention

<h1> Who's Worried About Cover Page for Article Review and Why You Should Be Paying Attention </h1> <h2> A Secret Weapon for Cover Page for Article Review</h2> <p>A part of individuals accept that the resume introductory letter is just a convention. Your survey should be at least a solitary page long in APA style. Additionally, the term of a writing audit and the basic amount of sources will be diverse dependent on course and educator inclinations. Answer these inquiries. </p> <h2> How to Choose Cover Page for Article Review </h2> <p>Among the most notable articles on this site is my top to bottom guide on fifteen famous methodologies you can build connects to your site. So as to make your business a triumph you should look to your rivals to discover how they're dealing with their organization or zones where they could improve. You despite everything can't unwind regardless of whether your site was recorded via web crawlers and in dexes. When there are sites like Fiverr that have independent experts you'll have the option to pay to help make your substance, there are in like manner a lot of totally free instruments and administrations which you can use in the event that you might want to be thrifty. </p> <h2>The New Angle On Cover Page for Article Review Just Released </h2> <p>There's, clearly, a breaking point on the scope of pages even our best scholars can deliver with a squeezing cutoff time, yet for the most part, we can fulfill all the customers looking for critical help. You ought to have your reasons, and our chief concern is that you end up getting an incredible evaluation. The best technique to achieve this, I accept, is utilize a genuine model. </p> <h2> Cover Page for Article Review Secrets</h2> <p>In doing as such, you will be in a situation to see the audit with another point of view and may recognize botches which were recently left undetected. St op and consider the procedures you've used to make new substance. Tally best group of the fundamental survey here. Explicitly comprise of business wording inside this conversation of the report. </p> <p>The significant thing here is to ensure the peruser's desires are fulfilled. You should situate yourself as an expert in your general vicinity. There's continually continuous research in each business. Demonstrate the commitments and the noteworthiness of the post to the region. </p> <h2> Getting the Best Cover Page for Article Review</h2> <p>Figure legends must be in a rundown at the finish of the References and need to make the Figure conceivable without reference to the vital content. Each reference source recorded should be refered to inside the report working with the APA position, and simply recorded sources should be refered to. </p> <p>Please guarantee that the entirety of your examination is upheld with the correct references in APA style. If so, you will need to review your paper by methods for a structure that is more unpredictable than that utilized for just a writing audit. The last Research Paper will be assessed dependent on the reviewing rubric demonstrated as follows. Apr 18, OK top notch paper cautiously. </p> <p>Authors are at risk for all costs associated with such administrations. Understudies are to use Shapiro Library. They have occupied existences and regularly disregard a forthcoming cutoff time. </p> <h2> The Foolproof Cover Page for Article Review Strategy </h2> <p>Your perusers might want to know precisely what YOU accept. You form an article for an alternate blogger, incorporate connections back to your website, and rehash the technique to have the option to intensify your connection check. Notwithstanding what the point is. Must cover the subject of the paper with basic idea. </p> <h2>Finding the Best Cover Page for Article Review </h2> <p>With this guide you're certain to think about the perfect article audit. A hyperlink to the short article must be given so the teacher can access and read the article you've picked. It should be obvious you've perused the report. For this task, select a companion investigated article to ev aluate. </p> <p>The just intends to form a sublime article audit without perusing the entire substance is to connect with proficient on-line composing administrations. You may find a great deal of diary articles to think about an amazing investigate or audit. Submitting articles to ArticleAlley is very fast. Survey your rundown to take out pointless items. </p> <p>A magnificent field-tested strategy ought to be customized to the specific requests of the intended interest group in order to be locks in. Our client care will readily reveal to you whether there are any uncommon proposals right now, notwithstanding ensure you are getting the absolute best assistance our business can convey. In order to be able to create a solid, intensive independent venture plan you should have a sound comprehension of the market you are stirred up in. Set the overwhelming subtleties here, the information that lone experts are probably going to need to see. </p>

Tips For Teaching Oil Spills Research Paper

<h1>Tips For Teaching Oil Spills Research Paper</h1><p>The oil slicks investigate paper is perhaps the most straightforward type of instruction available. Nobody ever imagines that a straightforward exercise on the most proficient method to break down a mishap will be the best approach for them. In all actuality, it is truly outstanding and most supportive approaches to begin improving somebody's information on various oil slicks and what they can do to keep one from happening.</p><p></p><p>Of course, oil slicks explore paper comes as a test that should be taken so as to teach somebody. This test may seem, by all accounts, to be truly direct and everything that can possibly be viewed as being straightforward, however in case you're attempting to get an individual taught on the correct method to accomplish something they are able to do, at that point you have to comprehend this point. The motivation behind why you need to take this test is on the grounds that you will need to open them to the most fundamental type of oil slicks investigate, which is to just answer inquiries regarding the quantity of oil slicks that happen every year in the United States.</p><p></p><p>Since the oil slicks examine paper is tied in with posing inquiries, the inquiry turns out to be the manner by which to get individuals keen on thinking about oil slicks. At the point when an individual discovers the responses to questions in regards to oil slicks, it for the most part makes them need to pose different inquiries also. The main thing that you need to prepare sure of is that they're to find out additional, as they're going to need to have a universal knowledge of oil slicks before they can be of any utilization to you.</p><p></p><p>The way you can get an individual keen on taking the oil slicks inquire about paper is to set up a class that assists with showing them oil slicks in their own homes. The truth is out, you don't need to employ an instructor to assist you with doing this. You should simply make a unique exercise plan that you can educate to your own child.</p><p></p><p>It doesn't need to be anything excessively troublesome or amazing, yet it ought to at any rate instruct them to pose the inquiry and present true data. The secret to doing this is to likewise guarantee that they ask whatever number inquiries as could be expected under the circumstances so as to learn however much as could be expected. One approach to do this is to have them record their own responses to the inquiries that they may ask.</p><p></p><p>The more inquiries that you pose in the oil slicks examine paper, the more inquiries that you're going to find that the understudy needs to ask themselves. That is the reason it's fundamental that you generally ensure that you're searching for questions that your understudies inquire. It is highly unlikely a round this, so it's significant that you do it and discover what your understudies are intrigued in.</p><p></p><p>Once you make sense of which inquiries to pose, you can see that you are really beginning to make an exercise plan that can show your understudies the regular circumstances that can prompt oil slicks. Regardless of whether you're encouraging it to an evaluation school understudy or to grown-ups, the main thing that issues is that they're keen on learning the most about oil slicks and how they can be prevented.</p>

Management and Organisation Planning, Organizing, Staffing - 1375 Words

Management and Organisation: Planning, Organizing, Staffing (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorSubjectDateINTRODUCTIONManagement is best defined as the application of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling functions in the most efficient manner possible to accomplish objectives. Planning involves establishing plans and developing objectives. Organizing involves grouping people and assignments to carry out job tasks and missions. Directing concerns initiating actions, on the other hand controlling deals with ensuring whether plans made are followed. Staffing deals with the act of selecting, placing, training, developing and compensating subordinatesThere are various concepts of leadership; Laissez-Faire Leadership, autocratic and democratic leadership. In Laissez-Faire Leadership type of leadership, the manager stays out of the group's way by avoiding power and responsibility for their subordinates. Autocratic kind of leadership involves a leader exercising as little authority over subordinates as possible. Democratic leadership entails a manager consulting with subordinates based on job-related issues.Managerial skills are the ability to make decisions and lead subordinates within the company. It is composed of three common skills which include: human skills that involve the ability to interact and motivate, some people are born with them and find it easy to interact with people, while others have to work hard. It helps managers be able to communicate and motivate their employees so as to have their agency reach their expected target, technical skills that entail the expertise and cognitive content in trade. They are skills which are required in completing a specific task. It requires one with a formal, education, training and job experience. It is expected that managers should have a technical skill that is much higher than their employees such that in case they require seeking for help in an area they can, visit their employers and be shown how to deal with the specific problem. Conceptual skills is anot her toolbox which a manager must have, it's important to top managers as well as middle and low-level managers. It deals with knowing how to understand concepts develop their ideas and implement strategies.Decision making is the process of selecting a logical choice by identifying a decision from available options by gathering information and checking on alternative resolutions. The five steps in making a good decision are; identify your goal by keeping an eye on it. Gather information for weighing your options based on your goal. Consider the consequences based on options that have been weighed, make your decision and finally evaluate the decisions you made.Leadership is the ability of a person to direct or to guide a group. In Management there are different levels of leadership; First line, middle and executive level of leadership. First line management entails linking managers and non-managers, it is composed of first line supervisor, product manager, chairperson of the departm ent. Middle-level management entails having broad organizational plans put into implementation, it is made up of the plant manager, Dean(University) regional coordinator and project directors.The executive level management mainly involves itself in having strategies in business plans, mission, and objective, it is composed of presidents, CEOs, Directors, Head of the departments. Operating employees who are non-managers usually manufacture products or provide services to customers.Planning is best defined as the act of establishing plans and developing objectives. It includes defining the mission of the company and its goals and coming up with objectives that will help the company achieve its goals. It is up to the management of the company to come up with long-term perspectives that will help sustain the company. Planning enables managers to be able to use resources available efficiently and to prepare themselves efficiently, it enables them to set the right goals to seek.Benefits o f planning to a business include: through planning one will be able to make course corrections that will keep the business from falling. One should keep track of the business and make corrections when necessary. To keep track of business one person should be in charge and in so doing it is through the business plan one is able to choose who is responsible for what. A better cash flow plan will enable the business to manage sales, assets, costs, expenses that one needs to buy and debts that need payment since no business can manage to have funds mismanaged. Through planning one is able to manage team members and track results easily in that there will be a great follow up on the difference between expectations and well-corrected results. Using good plans will enable the management set priorities that will make more sense, priorities such as the financial health of the business and business growth. From planning the business will benefit from educated guesses on things such as busine ss processes, the cost of sales and the potential market. Since its hard to stick to strategy through interruptions and daily routines one needs a good business plan so as to have a summary of the strategy of what it includes and rules out. A business will benefit from planning in that they will have a good track on deadlines and dates in a single place.In the development of results-based accountability system, strategic planning is the very first step. In response to a changing environment strategic planning is best described as an activity used to set priorities, resources, strengthen operations, ensure employees and other stakeholders are working towards common goals, establish agreement around results. Step 1 involves determining organizational readiness whereby one checks on strengths and weaknesses and determination of how to capitalize on them. Step 2 involves developing one's team and schedule whereby vision of te company stems from the value of those involved in the stake o f achieving the vision, the vision is then translated into a mission statement this is a broad comprehensive statement of the purpose of the agency. If unable to come up with a mission with divergent goals, planners should come up with separate mission statements reflecting different goals. The next step is the articulation of goals. Goals show the future direction of the agency or the state. For instance, adequate water supply to all households by 2020. Adjacent to this step is collecting current data on the organization, they include a business plan, marketing plan, information such as last years SWOT, sales figures and projections, mission statement, vision statement, values statement and the financial records. Finally one should review the data collected for the past few years a step which involves addressing means of reaching the goals, articulating strategies for good results. In order to have a promising strategy, one needs to be helpful in identifying promising strategies wi th relative strengths and weaknesses. SWOT method of analysis is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, ...

Writing an Essay - How to Choose Your Topic

<h1>Writing an Essay - How to Choose Your Topic</h1><p>With such huge numbers of points recorded as a hard copy an exposition, you may think that its difficult to settle on a theme. Composing a proposal is fundamentally the same as composing a paper. You have to set up your article theme before you begin composing it. You will locate the accompanying tip helpful in settling on a point for composing an essay.</p><p></p><p>Write down what you believe is the most significant parts of your theme in your exposition. Utilize this rundown to decide the sort of subject that you ought to expound on in your article. The most significant variables that you have to consider are: What is the primary thought of your topic?</p><p></p><p>What are the central matters of your topic?</p><p></p><p>Write down what you believe is the most significant parts of your point in your exposition. You can locate the central matters of your subject by asking yourself the above inquiry and afterward recording what you believe are the primary concerns of your theme. To decide the primary concerns of your point, you can likewise take a gander at the content of the book or some other reference you utilized while examining the subject. The most significant factor will decide the sort of subject that you ought to expound on in your essay.</p><p></p><p>What are the primary thoughts of your point? One of the most widely recognized inquiries that individuals pose to when they choose to compose a paper is, what are the fundamental thoughts in their subject. On the off chance that you locate that one of the principle thoughts in your point is to have your perusers relate to your postulation, at that point this would one say one is of the best themes that you can expound on in your essay.</p><p></p><p>What do you believe is significant in an exposition? In the event t hat you know the principle thoughts of your theme, at that point it will be simpler for you to compose an article about your preferred subjects. This implies the fundamental thought of your point is the most significant thing that you have to concentrate on in your essay.</p><p></p><p>To make your theme as intriguing as could be expected under the circumstances, you have to concentrate on what the principle thought of your subject is. Thenext question that you ought to ask yourself is the thing that would your proposition be?</p>

Using Reddit Stealing College Essay Topics

Utilizing Reddit Stealing College Essay TopicsAre you chipping away at a class task that includes Reddit taking school exposition subjects? Numerous understudies are utilizing this webpage to have online conversation gatherings and conversations about a wide assortment of subjects. In any case, numerous individuals are doing it without comprehending what they are doing wrong.Before beginning your task, ensure that you know the entirety of the subjects that are out there. There are numerous spots where you can get great points to utilize, so take as much time as necessary and discover them.Many of the great spots for subjects for a school exposition incorporate CollegeHumor, Ask.com, Cnet, etc. These are only a couple of the destinations that you can use to get great themes to work with. In the event that you need to be innovative, you can likewise get the points from TV and motion pictures to help get you started.It is significant that you join a portion of the online conversation bu nches that are out there. So as to make your task effective, you have to show that you can be a functioning member in the gathering. You likewise need to give individuals the points that they will be keen on with the goal that they will have the option to react to your work.For example, in the event that you go to the CollegeHumor site, you can discover subjects that you can utilize. In any case, if you somehow happened to post these points on the discussions, they would in all likelihood not be utilized. Nonetheless, you can see themes that are going as supportive to those in the gathering and ensure that you post the topics.The subsequent stage is to ensure that you are offering the point in a valuable manner. On the off chance that you post something that is impolite or mean, it could make a few people leave the gathering and that isn't the result that you need to have.As you experience the way toward utilizing your subjects, ensure that you center around the themes that the gath ering can profit by. You likewise need to ensure that you are pondering what subjects you need to post that may show others the discussion. Attempt to discover themes that will help get you further in the gathering and give a greater amount of an instructive experience.Make sure that you don't post any substance that is hostile or pestering to the individuals in the discussion. This will help guarantee that your school exposition themes are elegantly composed and will build your odds of progress.

Untold Stories on Salem Witch Trials Essay Topics That You Really Need to Read

<h1> Untold Stories on Salem Witch Trials Essay Topics That You Really Need to Read</h1> <h2>The Most Popular Salem Witch Trials Essay Topics </h2> <p>LinkedIn is actually the most notable employment and profession organizing site. Start with the presentation. Because of broad utilization of Social Media. </p> <p>We give our consistent customers with limits and higher predominant assistance. Remember to see the huge Fish Games Forums in the event that you discover you need more assistance. Modified school paper help is offered to understudies who wish to improve their evaluations and don't have the opportunity to achieve scholastic article. It's similarly as if you were getting help from an outsider to fix your PC, or pay a mentor to expand your composing abilities. </p> <p>With the War on Terror, there's a lot of neurosis. The main way an individual could escape from allegation was admit or set the fault on someone else. In the occasion the individual blamed for the wrongdoing is extremely blameworthy the discipline must fit the wrongdoing as referenced in the eighth Amendment. The touch test took a shot at the idea that casualties of magic would have an excellent response to physical contact by utilizing their scalawag. </p> <p>You get a chance to form into an extraordinary understudy! These preliminaries occurred in a settlement named Salem, which was a piece of the Massachusetts Bay Colony at that point. 1 instance of this is the occasion of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. In Salem puritans where the main people in this area. </p> <h2> A Secret Weapon for Salem Witch Trials Essay Topics</h2> <p>Quakers, for instance, were obvious objectives. Be that as it may, most of them were older women. For example ladies were viewed as docile to men. </p> <p>The ones that perform black magic are thought of as witches. She speculates that the starting point of the peculiar real torments previously saw in the charmed young ladies might be the result of ergot harming. The people who state they're in certainty witches get the opportunity to live, and the individuals who don't get hanged or perhaps squeezed to death under a lot of stones. That is right, some motivation behind why individuals are sentenced to death demonstrated truly insignificant. </p> <p>There might be different impediments which make it inconceivable that you adapt to a task completely all alone. The preliminaries were a technique to keep the severe social chain of importance. At the point when you needn't bother with these snags to impact the bore of your work, you require proficient help from an assistance you may trust. </p> <p>Puritan pioneers began to stress they were losing charge of the network and wished to dodge change in the exacting social progressive system. The world should resolve issues until they get excessively enormous and to set the prerequisites of huge gatherings before those of themselves. Other than political occasions, there's a captivating subset of the crowd attitude that is fascinating to share inside this nation. All the outcome of the group mindset. </p> <p>Then dependent on the subject you pick, you can compose a postulation articulation on it. Furthermore, you will be in a situation to browse three one of a kind sizes of burgers. Obviously, there are special cases. </p> <p>We lost the chance to characterize the legitimate wording of the issue, on the grounds that the open needed equity managed before due training. How about we investigate some of those misinterpretations. Like his kindred Puritans, he's excessively worried about the vibe of goodness. There isn't a simple answer to that question. </p> <p>Practicing black magic was a way to discharge disappointments in the specific furrowed puritan culture. At last, it's imperative to know that while numerous cutting edge Pagans refer to the Salem preliminaries as an outline of strict bigotry, right now, black magic wasn't viewed as a religion at all. Strict bigotry had a significant impact in the development of the Salem black magic preliminaries. </p> <p>The loss of black magic would profess to watch a spirit or form of the person who had harrowed them. You're thinking about this in altogether the off base way, Abigail expressed. </p> <p>We are here so as to help you in making your scholarly life effective. Tituba's admission wasn't the sole thing that brought about madness prompting the start of the Salem Witch Trials. Any individual who restricted or had an issue with the congregation was viewed as a witch. </p> <h2> A Secret Weapon for Salem Witch Trials Essay Topics </h2> <p>By the end of the schedule year, 3 youngsters were executed. The day subsequent to Thanksgiving is another immortal representation of the group attitude that is connected to the Christmas Season. Following two or three minutes, Abigail expressed. </p> <p>The most notable of these is the swimming test that incorporates restricting the man or lady and tossing them in a waterway. Better spend that chance to read for tests, particularly once you have a lot of stuff to cover. 1 thing we should likewise comprehend each and every individual who kicked the bucket were conventional people. License the knowledge leak in and make you a little piece more astute, 1 hour at a second. </p>

Creative Writing Jobs - How To Find A Professorship Essay Writing Service

<h1>Creative Writing Jobs - How To Find A Professorship Essay Writing Service</h1><p>Looking for a decent method to acquire cash composing scholarly papers and teacher expositions? An independent exposition composing administration can be an extraordinary answer for anybody inspired by an imaginative profession change. What makes them not quite the same as other openings for work is that they are totally intentional and you can accomplish the work that suits you best and gets you paid in full.</p><p></p><p>Being a book shop representative is something that you could never fantasy about doing today, yet that doesn't imply that you were unable to do it later on. It might appear to you that you have no activity possibilities at all. The thing is, on the off chance that you have been working for quite a while with no activity prospects, this can in any case be an alternative to take, since you have bunches of abilities and experience, you simply should be willing to work.</p><p></p><p>The truth is that there are countless individuals around the globe who end up in a similar circumstance as you - unappealing openings for work. A large portion of these are jobless, however some are independently employed and can offer these administrations to anybody. In the event that you are searching for an inventive employment to improve your monetary circumstance, independent composing can be an extraordinary method to make more cash for yourself, and perhaps even assist you with escaping budgetary trouble.</p><p></p><p>Writing teacher papers is probably the most ideal approaches to find out about scholarly subjects and their history, and to give the understudies of today a few bits of knowledge into the past that will be useful for what's to come. There are incalculable candidates for these employments, and you might be charmingly astounded by the measure of utilizations that you get. For each application that you get, you will get a reaction that will promise you a vocation, and that will presumably be a huge paying job.</p><p></p><p>You may ask why more individuals are deciding to function as MFA creators as opposed to customary distributing houses. As a MFA writer, you can be guaranteed that your work will be perused by a universal crowd, which will incorporate numerous individuals who wouldn't have perused your book in any case. There are a lot of chances in the USA, however you need to take an extraordinary enthusiasm for being distributed internationally.</p><p></p><p>In request to proceed to turn into a fruitful MFA writer, you need to get the hang of everything that you can about how to compose, including sentence structure, phrasing, and the manner in which the language works. On the off chance that you need to begin procuring cash, you have to get familiar with English, not just on the grounds that you will be required to compose and address English-talking individuals, yet in addition in light of the fact that these abilities will assist you with getting recruited for a place that you choose to pursue.</p><p></p><p>Now that you have an away from of what MFA (Master of Fine Arts) composing is about, you might be thinking about how you can locate a legitimate scholarly composing administration. The truth of the matter is that a settled organization will have references and a rundown of past customers, which will give you a thought of what sort of value items they provide.</p>

Nursing Informatics Research Paper Topics

<h1>Nursing Informatics Research Paper Topics</h1><p>The goal of the nursing informatics look into paper themes is to furnish medical caretakers with an exhaustive and all around examined outline of the field. The point gives the fundamental components and the general extent of the nursing informatics zone. It is for the most part developed from the examinations and explores of the people that have accomplished their work in the field of the nursing informatics.</p><p></p><p>The nursing informatics look into paper points are required perusing for graduate nursing programs. The target of these themes is to give nurture a point by point portrayal of the basic ideas that are fundamental to the field. The medical attendants at that point can all the more effectively find wellsprings of extra research on this theme on the off chance that they need to search for additional information on these subjects.</p><p></p><p>These th emes have away from of the wording that is utilized with regards to explicit information and subtleties in the field. The creators of these subjects give essential data about an assortment of wellbeing points that are imperative to the field. The themes diagram the significant wordings utilized and furthermore the general phrasing that is utilized by the medical caretakers. The points likewise characterize a portion of the terms that are normally utilized in the field.</p><p></p><p>These themes contain explicit data about the clinical subjects, for example, how to manage drugs and perform techniques. The themes additionally present the phrasing that is regularly utilized in clinical research. There are different subjects that are just quickly portrayed that address progressively specialized issues and techniques for care in the field.</p><p></p><p>These themes might be introduced in a few different ways, contingent upon the investigati on. The most straightforward arrangement for introducing the points is by utilizing a slide introduction position. The introduction is normally joined by pictures, charts, and outlines to help make the substance progressively reasonable to the audience.</p><p></p><p>Some of the points are isolated into significant classes, for example, medicine. The subjects incorporate clinical pharmacology, which is worried about the organization of medicine. This incorporates the estimation of medications and the viewpoints identified with the variables that make them effective.</p><p></p><p>Some of the nursing informatics inquire about paper subjects that are particularly helpful to nursing understudies, incorporate the essentials of verifiable occasions, incorporating those throughout the entire existence of the United States. A portion of the themes spread the historical backdrop of geriatrics, which incorporates issues, for example, guaranteeing that the correct patients are fittingly thought about. The subjects likewise talk about the techniques for revival and how they are identified with the consideration of the elderly.</p><p></p><p>The points that are utilized in undergrad nursing programs additionally are ordinarily utilized in nursing graduate projects. The creators of these subjects center around the ebb and flow investigate in the field of nursing informatics. They give the essentials of the various wordings that are utilized in the field, while giving data on how the emergency clinics keep up and improve the frameworks inside the human services sector.</p>

Stock trading using computational intelligence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 8973 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Stock Trading using Computational Intelligence t Computational Intelligence has been widely used in recent years in many areas, such as speech recognition, image analysis, adaptive control and time series prediction. This research attempts to explore the usefulness of neural network and support vector machine in financial market. Two popular stock market indexes have been studied: Hong Kong Hang Seng Stock Index and Dow Jones Transportation Index. The performance of neural network and support vector machine are evaluated in two dimensions: error in forecasting and trading profits. Popular technical indicator, percentage price oscillator (PPO), has been selected as training input and output. Predictive models use previous 8 days PPO to forecast future 5 days PPO. Empirical results on Hong Kong Hang Seng Index show that multilayer perceptron optimized with GA (MLP-GA) trading system obtain 6.71 times of original capital from 1997-1-29 to 2007-3-8, totally 2500 trading days. While support vector regression optimized by genetic algorithms (SVR-GA) trading system generates 5.705 times of original capital during the same time horizon. In contrast, conventional non-predictive trading system only produces 2.064 times of starting equity. Buy and Hold strategy gives 1.605 times return to investors. A recent published fuzzy trading system provides 5.781 dollars as final equity for 1 dollar initial investment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stock trading using computational intelligence" essay for you Create order Further evaluations of two intelligent trading systems have been made. A back test using the same parameters and same assumptions on Dow Jones Transportation Index have further proved the robustness of the proposed trading systems. MLP-GA trading system provides 4.87 times of initial capital and SVR-GA trading system obtains 5.168 as final equity. These two intelligent trading systems again outperform conventional trading system, which generate 2.805 dollars for 1 dollar investment. Acknowledgements I am very grateful to my final year project supervisor, Associate professor Wang Lipo, and would like to take this opportunity to thank him for his patient and insightful guidance throughout the project. Professor Wang always offers me detailed and valuable explanations and suggestions in our discussion, and provides me useful knowledge about doing research. Not only professor Wang enlightens me in academic area, he also arranges meeting with industrial professionals for me to discuss this project. Again, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to professor Wang. Zhu Ming April, 2010. Stock Trading using Computational Intelligence List of Figures Fig 21 A multi layer neural network with L layers 13 Fig 22 Maximum-margin hyperplane and margins for a SVM trained with samples from two classes. 16 Fig 23 Genetic Algorithm flowchart, with maximum 100 generation 18 Fig 24 One point crossover 19 Fig 25 roulette-wheel selection 20 Fig 31 Dow Jones Industrial Average price, with EMA plotted. 23 Fig 32 Using single EMA 23 Fig 33 Using two EMA to make decision 24 Fig 34 A predictive trading system. 26 Fig 35 Structure of GA optimized MLP 28 Fig 41 Training performance of MLP 33 Fig 42 MSE for out of sample data 34 Fig 43 Linear regression for trained neural network 35 Fig 44 Linear regression for out of sample data 36 Fig 45 Equity curve for intelligent and conventional trading systems 37 Fig 46 Trading signal of NN+GA trading system 38 Fig 47 Trading signal of conventional trading system 39 Fig 48 MSE for GA+SVR model 41 Fig 49 Equity curve for GA+SVR trading system and conventional trading system 42 Fig 410 Comparison of 4 trading systems 43 Fig 411 Equity curves of different trading system on DJT 44 List of Tables Table 31 Settings for GA and NN 26 Table 32 Settings for GA and SVR 29 Table 41 Data distributions for training and testing neural network 32 Table 42 Total return for different prediction time horizon 34 Table 43 Trading performance comparison 42 Stock Trading using Computational Intelligence Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Analyzing stock market is one of the most important and fascinating issue as it is highly related with the profitability of investment. There are two main types of analysis in financial market: technical analysis and fundamental analysis. Fundamental analysis is based on the premise that a stock, bond, fund, commodity, or a market as a whole has an underlying intrinsic value. By analyzing the fundamental characteristics, such as assets, liabilities, income, supply or demand, values can be determined [11]. Normally fundamental analysts use a trading strategy called Buy and Hold, since they tend to buy the stocks of undervalued companies or the companies with great growth potentials. They believe that the share price would rise eventually since the company they buy is growing. Hence, they would like to keep the stocks for a relative long time. On the other hand, technical analysis believes that the markets price reflects all the relevant information, such as news and events. Thus, pric e is the only information they need to analyze. In their perspective, history will repeat itself such that we could trade for profits. Therefore, technical analysis only employs historical data to build the model for future investment. Over the past decade, Computational Intelligence has been widely used in stock trading, such as using neural networks (NN) [10]). Using computational intelligence could provide opportunities for investors to combine the information gathered from fundamental analysis and technical analysis to make trading decision. Mainly, two types of input data have been used in computational intelligence. One type, price or technical indicators, is considered as technical analysis. The other type includes macroeconomic indices and information related to a specific company, such as the interest rate and P/E ratio. Many pioneer scholars have focused on minimizing the mean square error (MSE) in price direction prediction as well as providing paper profits in trading financial market. Patel et al [10] uses hierarchical coevolutionary fuzzy system (HiCEFS) to predict a technical indicator and hence build a prudent trading strategy. Furthermore, by testing this model with real world data of Hong Kong Hang Seng Index and NOL stock in Singapore Exchange, they achieved a final return of 14.251 times of original capital on NOL stock in 2329 trading days and 5.781 times of original capital on Hang Seng Index in 2461 trading days. 1.2 Objectives and Scope The objective of this project is to explore and examine the usefulness of computational intelligence in stock trading on Hong Kong Hang Seng Index and Dow Jones Transportation Index. The intelligent trading system built on matlab could analyze the historical data and generate buy or sell signals for any given time series. The main objectives are as follows: 1. Apply intelligent trading system on Hong Kong Hang Seng index to generate buy and sell signals. The intelligent trading system could be constructed with neural networks optimized by genetic algorithm or support vector machine optimized by genetic algorithm. 2. Examine entry and exit signals generated by intelligent trading system and non-intelligent trading system. Compare the empirical trading profits between them. 3. Compare the trading performance of intelligent trading system with other researchers work, using the same data and trading rules. 4. Further validate the trading systems performance by applying the proposed system on Dow Jones Transportation Average Index, and compare the trading profits with non-intelligent trading system. 1.3 Organisations This report is organized into 5 chapters: Chapter 1 provides some background knowledge of financial market and other researchers accomplishment on using computational intelligence in financial market. It also gives a detailed project objectives and scope. Chapter 2 introduces the background knowledge for this project, such as neural network, support vector machine and genetic algorithm. Chapter 3 describes the proposed methodology of this project. It introduces the technical indicators and inputs to the intelligent trading system, the architectures of the trading system. In addition, it also provides the settings for each intelligent prediction model, as well as the data preparation for these prediction models. Chapter 4 presents the empirical results of trading Hong Kong Hang Seng Index and Dow Jones Transportation Average Index. Furthermore, it compares the results with non-intelligent trading system as well as buy and hold strategy. Chapter 5 summarizes the project and provides the future work for the project. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Artificial Neural Networks An artificial neural network (ANN) is inspired by the structure and functions of biological neural networks, and expressed using mathematical models. It consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons and processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network during the learning phase. Modern neural networks are non-linear statistical data modeling tools. They are usually used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data. Neural networks are considered as highly parallel system which could learn from the past data and would be able to apply the knowledge learned to new data. 2.1.1 Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks There are varies of ANN structures, multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLP) is one of them. It is a feed-forward network has a layered structure. Each layer consists of units which receive their input from units from a layer directly below and send their output to units in a layer directly above the unit. There are no connections within a layer Fig 21. The inputs are fed into the first layer and each input is associated with a weight. The first layer outputs are considered as second layers input and eventually calculated the final output. The activation function for each layer is described as: in which Information in MLP networks only move in the forward direction, from the input nodes through the hidden layers and to the output layer. There are also no loops in a MLP network. Fig 21 A multi layer neural network with L layers 2.1.2 Back Propagation Back propagation is a common method of teaching artificial neural networks how to perform a given task. It was first described by Arthur E. Bryson and Yu-Chi Ho in 1969,[14]. Back propagation is a supervised learning method, and is an implementation of the Delta rule. It requires a teacher that knows, or can calculate, the desired output for any given input. In another word, it has to be provided with desired output in order to calculate the errors. The errors propagate backwards from the output nodes to the inner nodes and from the inner nodes to input nodes. Hence back propagation is a method to calculate the gradient of the error for the network with respect to the networks modifiable weights, either in input layer or in hidden layer. In short, back propagation algorithm could be describe as below. Summary of the backpropagation technique: 1. Present a training sample to the neural network. 2. Compare the networks output to the desired output from that sample. Calculate the error in each output neuron. 3. For each neuron, calculate what the output should have been, and a scaling factor, how much lower or higher the output must be adjusted to match the desired output. This is the local error. 4. Adjust the weights of each neuron to lower the local error. 5. Assign blame for the local error to neurons at the previous level, giving greater responsibility to neurons connected by stronger weights. 6. Repeat from step 3 on the neurons at the previous level, using each ones blame as its error. 2.1.3 Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm is used for training the neural network. It could be used to modify the ANNs weights of each layer. The Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm interpolates between the Gauss-Newton algorithm and the method of gradient descent. It is more robust than the Gauss-Newton algorithm, which means that in many cases it finds a solution even if it starts very far off the final minimum. On the other hand, for well-behaved functions and reasonable starting parameters, the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm tends to be a bit slower than the Gauss-Newton algorithm. Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm could be expressed as [15] 2.2 Support Vector Machine Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a relatively new learning method developed from statistical learning theory. Compared with traditional statistics, statistical learning theory does not assume infinite samples, but rather focused on estimations utilizing small samples. The basic idea of support vector machine is to find a hyperplane which separates the d-dimensional data perfectly into its two classes. Support Vector Machine is a supervised learning method which could map the input space to output space Fig 22. Given that a training set (), i = 1, the support vector machine requires the minimum value of following formula [17]. Fig 22 Maximum-margin hyperplane and margins for a SVM trained with samples from two classes. 2.2.1 Support Vector Regression Support Vector Machine used in regression was proposed in 1996 by Vladimir Vapnik, Harris Drucker, Chris Burges, Linda Kaufman and Alex Smola [18], which is called support vector regression (SVR). The model produced by support vector machine used in solving classification problems depends only on a subset of the training data or called support vectors, because the cost function for building the model does not care about training points that lie beyond the margin. Similarly, the model produced by SVR depends only on a subset of the training data, because the cost function for building the model ignores any training data close to the model prediction. Given a training set (), i = 1, the target of SVR is to find a linear function that could minimize the discrepancy between the desired output and predicted output. The optimal regression function is the same with SVM. There are several kernel functions commonly used in SVR, which includes liner, polynomial, radial basis function and sigmoid kernel function. Their respective formula is as below [23]: n Linear: n Polynomial: n Radial Basis Function (RBF): n Sigmoid: Here, are kernel parameters Support Vector Machine or SVR has some advantages when comparing to Neural Networks. For instance, it does not over fit the training data since it uses only several training data as support vectors. However, parameters in SVR would affect the final results in spite that SVR has much fewer parameters compared to NN. The main parameters in SVR are error insensitive tube around the regression function [19] and the balance of training errors with model complexity. 2.3 Genetic Algorithm Genetic algorithm (GA) is a searching technique to look for exact or approximate solutions for optimization and searching problems. It is considered as global search heuristics.GA uses techniques inspired by evolutionary biology such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. A typical genetic algorithm requires: 1. a genetic representation of the solution domain 2. fitness function to evaluate the solution domain In GA, an abstract representation of candidate solutions is called chromosomes, and it could be used in an optimization problem evolves toward better solutions. Solutions are represented in some encoding method, such as binary encoding. A fitness function is a particular type of objective function that prescribes the optimality of a solution so that a particular chromosome may be ranked against all the other chromosomes. The evolution usually starts from a population of randomly generated individuals. In each generation, the fitness of every individual in the population is evaluated. Based on their fitness, the fittest group of individuals are selected and through reproduction, crossover or mutation to form a new population. The new population is then used in the next iteration of the algorithm. Commonly, the algorithm terminates when either a maximum number of generations has been produced, or a satisfactory fitness level has been reached for the population. A common genetic algorit hm is shown Fig 23. Fig 23 Genetic Algorithm flowchart, with maximum 100 generation 2.3.1 Operators of Genetic Algorithm When generating the next generation population of solutions, GA would use genetic operators: crossover, and/or mutation. For each new solution to be produced, a pair of parent solutions is selected for breeding from the pool selected previously. By producing a child solution using the above methods of crossover and mutation, a new solution is created which typically shares many of the characteristics of its parents. Crossover selects genes from parent chromosomes and creates a new offspring. One common way is using single crossover point on both parents organism strings. All data beyond that point in either organism string is swapped between the two parent organisms. An illustration on one point crossover is shown in Fig 24 Fig 24 One point crossover There are other ways for crossover, for example two crossover points could be chosen. Crossover can be rather complicated and very depends on encoding of chromosome. In some cases, GA performance could be enhanced by trying out other crossover techniques. After a crossover is performed, mutation takes place. The purpose of mutation in GA is to preserve and introduce diversity. Local minima could be prevented because of mutation, and the population of chromosomes would not be too similar to each other so that the evolution could continue. Mutation changes the new offspring randomly. For binary encoding, a common way is switching a few randomly chosen bits from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. 2.3.2 Selection in Genetic Algorithm Selection would choose individual genomes from a population for breeding next generation. There are varies of selection algorithms, such as roulette-wheel selection, rank selection or Tournament selection. Roulette-wheel selection chooses parents according to their fitness. The chromosome has high fitness possesses the higher chances to be selected. The fitness level is used to associate a probability of selection with each individual chromosome. This algorithm could be imagined as roulette wheel in casino, where the larger piece has higher probability to be chosen, as shown in Fig 25. If is the fitness of individual i in the population, its probability of being selected is, where N is the number of individuals in the population. Fig 25 roulette-wheel selection Tournament selection involves running several tournaments among a few individuals chosen at random from the population. The winner of each tournament (the one with the best fitness) is selected. Selection pressure is easily adjusted by changing the tournament size. If the tournament size is larger, weak individuals have a smaller chance to be selected. Chapter 3 Intelligent Trading System Design 3.1 Technical Analysis Technical analysts seek to identify price patterns and trends in financial markets and attempt to exploit those patterns.[20] People who are using technical analysis would search for archetypal patterns, such as the well-known head and shoulders or double top reversal patterns, study indicators such as moving averages, and look for forms such as lines of support, resistance, channels, and more obscure formations such as flags, pennants or balance days. In this project, only indicators have been studied since they are quantitative and do not require ambiguous identifications. Among all the technical indicators, moving average is considered as the simplest and most useful one. It is popular because moving average could discover the trends by smoothing the prices. Most importantly, moving average could be a useful tool since investors can make profits through trends. Exponential moving average (EMA), being one of the moving average indicators, is considered as more adaptive since it puts more weights on recent prices, e.g., todays close price, while putting less weights on earlier days. Equation below shows the calculation of EMA: The plot of long term EMA of 45 days and short term EMA of 15 days are plotted with close price for Dow Jones Industrial Average Index in Fig 31, all data and figures are provided by yahoo finance. Dow Jones Industrial Average price, with EMA plotted. There are many ways of using EMA, and two common uses are introduced here. First, investors could take a long position, or buy the stock index when close price is above the EMA, and take a short position when close price is under EMA. An example is shown in Fig 32, using 30 days of EMA on Dow Jones Industrial Average. Although there are some whipsaw in the middle, using single EMA is helpful to investor when making buy or sell decisions. Fig 32 Using single EMA Another way of using EMA is taking a long position (buy) when short term EMA is above long term EMA, and taking a short position when short term EMA is under long term EMA. An example of how to buy or sell is illustrated in Fig 33, using 15 days EMA and 45 days of EMA. As we could see on the chart, this method is effective by taking large profits and suffering small losses. Fig 33 Using two EMA to make decision It is clear that EMA could help investors to identify the trend. However, being able to discover the trend is not good enough, the trading rule should be established to take profits through the trend. However, using chart and technical indicators are not sufficient since there are some serious disadvantages. For example, we do not know whether this technical indicator could bring investors consistent long term profits. Also, we do not know how many shares should we buy or sell. Without providing more information on these topics, investors may not dare to trade with real money. However, a quantitative trading system based on these indicators could concur the shortcomings. A well established trading system would be able to tell when to buy and when to sell, as well as how many shares to buy and sell. In addition, a trading system could provide back testing results, which could present the trading performance to investors, such as the equity curve or maximum drawdown. Therefore, in this project, a quantitative trading system is built and tested. This trading system uses a technical indicator named Percentage Price Oscillator (PPO), PPO is calculated as formula below: A buy signal is triggered if PPO is greater than 0, in other words, when short term EMA crosses over with long term EMA. A sell signal is triggered if PPO is less than 0, which means long term EMA is above short term EMA. This trading system is a typical trend following system which could catch every major trend to make promising profit, while suffering minuscule losses when significant trends are absent in the market. 3.2 Computational Intelligence in Trading When using PPO trading system, there would be a lag between the time when the trend starts and the time when the trading system detects it. Failing to compensate the lag has been a dominant disadvantage of traditional trading systems (without prediction). An intelligent trading system attempts to predict PPO in the near future, so as to enter the market before the trend while closing the position before the market falls. The input for our intelligence trading system studied in this paper is PPO of the last 8 days and the output is PPO in the future 5 days. The intelligent model is either an MLP optimized by GA or an SVM optimized by GA. 0.2% of transaction cost and slippage are counted in the process of calculating profits, as indicated in Fig 34. Fig 34 A predictive trading system. 3.3 Experimental Settings 3.3.1 GA optimized neural network In this project, a feed-forward MLP with one hidden layer is used. The number of hidden neurons is determined to be 30 by the trial and error. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to train the MLP. Initial weights of the neural network are determined by GA. The settings for the NN+GA model are selected as Table 31. GA settings the population size of GA 300 Maximum Generation 800 Stop criteria maximum generation reached the probability of mutation 0.02 Neural Network Settings layers Single hidden layer with 30 neurons Transfer function Transig, purelin Training Levenberg-Marquardt performance Mse (mean square error) Table 31 Settings for GA and NN Using genetic algorithm to determine the initial weight and bias is essential since they have great impact on the generalization ability of the neural network. If the weights and bias are initialized with some random number and they happen to be far way from a good solution, or near local optimum, the neural network may not be trained to achieve good performance. Being trapped in local extremes is normally happened. On the other hand, appropriate initialization would put the weights and bias near a good solution, and hence provide a high chance for neural network to reach better outcome. In this project, genetic algorithm is chosen to provide the initial weights and bias for neural network. The structure of using GA to optimize MLP is shown in Fig 35. The fitness in GA is based on the error of predicted output and desired output, shown as below Where is the desired output and is predicted output. 3.3.2 GA optimized SVR Main parameters in SVR are error insensitive tube around the regression function [14] and the balance of training errors with model complexity. In this paper, GA is used to determine the best SVR parameters. The structure of GA optimized SVR is the same as using GA to optimize MLP, where GA is trying to minimize the difference between desired output and predicted output. The settings for GA optimized SVR model are listed in Table 32 Fig 35 Structure of GA optimized MLP GA settings the population size of GA 30 Maximum Generation 200 Stop criteria maximum generation reached the probability of mutation 0.05 the probability of crossover 0.4 SVR Settings Kernel function radial basis function Table 32 Settings for GA and SVR 3.4 Preprocessing Input Data Once the appropriate raw input data has been selected (in this case, they are previous 8 days PPO) , it must be preprocessed; otherwise, the neural network will not produce accurate forecasts. The decisions made in this phase of development are critical to the performance of a network. Normalization is commonly used to distribute the input data evenly and scale it into an acceptable range for the network. Knowledge of the domain is important in choosing preprocessing methods to highlight underlying features in the data, which can increase the networks ability to learn the association between inputs and outputs. In normalizing data, the goal is to ensure that the statistical distribution of values for each net input and output is roughly uniform. In addition, the values should be scaled to match the range of the input neurons. This means that along with any other transformations performed on network inputs, each input should be normalized as well. In this project, mapping the training input minimum and maximum values between -1 and 1 is adopted as normalizing method. In this method, it is assumed that the input has only finite real values, and that the elements are not all equal, as indicated below. Where in this case is 1, is -1. is the largest number of training input, while is the smallest number of training input. stands for each individual training data, and is the normalized training data. For the testing set, data should also be scaled to a certain range, as training set does. However, the largest number and smallest number of testing set are not available since we assume these data are unknown for trading simulation. Therefore, the testing data set are scaled using the parameters in training input data. In specific, and are still the largest number and smallest number in training data set. Chapter 4 Results and Evaluation This chapter illustrates the experiment results for 2 intelligent trading models, which are using GA optimized MLP and using GA optimized SVR. In addition, it introduces some evaluation criteria, and evaluates the prediction models according to these criteria. Furthermore, it analyzes and compares the return of capital and maximum drawdown with other publication as well as conventional trading method. 4.1 Experimental Data This intelligent trading system uses Hong Kong Hang Seng Stock Index (HSI) from 1986-12-31 to 1997-1-28, total 2500 daily close price as in sample training session, and uses HSI from 1997-1-29 to 2007-3-8, total 2500 daily price as out of sample testing data. All the HSI index data was obtained from Yahoo Finance (https://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=^HSI). In sample data used to train the neural network have been separated into three sets: training, validation, and testing. In this project, we divide the input data randomly such that the first 60% of the samples are assigned to the training set, the next 20% to the validation set, and the last 20% to the test set. Table 41 is to summarize the distribution of experimental data. Data Set Distribution (%) Distribution(data) Training Data Training set 60% 1500 Validation set 20% 500 Test set 20% 500 Total 100% 2500 Testing Data 100% 2500 Table 41 Data distributions for training and testing neural network 4.2 GA Optimized MLP Trading System 4.2.1 Forecasting Performance The GA optimized MLP model is used to predict the future 5 days PPO. The performance of this predicative model could be evaluated by mean square error (MSE). MSE could be expressed as below Where is the target output and is the predicted output. The performance of forecasting in terms of MSE is 0.0087 for out of sample data, while 0.00213 for in sample data. In either case, we could see that the MSE is relatively small, which means the prediction is acceptable. In Fig 42, the difference between desired output and predicted output is plotted, as we could see, although there are some large errors in prediction, most of the forecasting is acceptable. Fig 41 Training performance of MLP The training results of neural networks could be further evaluated by linear regression. The best network is indicated by the correlation coefficient, r closed to unity (r à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  1) Fig 44 shows the linear regression for out of sample data, which is 0.91227. Although it is nearly 8% lower compare with performance of in sample data, this model could still be considered as well trained neural network. Fig 42 MSE for out of sample data 4.2.2 Empirical Trading Results and Evaluation PPO of future 5 days is selected to be desired output after prudent consideration. As a matter of fact, forecasting larger time horizon would definitely produce more profit, which is made by early entry and early exit. On the other hand, the larger the time horizon, the harder it is to predict. This would increase the chance of wrong prediction, which decreases the profit. Table 42 is total return of investing 1 dollar, with different prediction time horizon. Prediction Time Horizon Total return No prediction 2.064 Predict future 3 days PPO 4.357 Predict future 5 days PPO 6.910 Predict future 7 days PPO 5.464 Table 42 Total return for different prediction time horizon In this experiment, reinvesting all capital is selected as the money management strategy, in which the trading system would re-invest all the profit and initial capital for next buy or sell decision. Fig 43 Linear regression for trained neural network Fig 44 Linear regression for out of sample data The proposed trading system assumes that it is possible to enter the market using the close price on the same day which triggers the trading signal. In addition, it assumes that the initial capital is 1 dollar and it is valid to buy or sell fraction number of the HSI. The PPO is calculated using parameters that short term of 15 days EMA and long term of 45 days EMA. The equity curves of proposed intelligent trading systems are shown in Fig 45 with equity curve of conventional trading system and equity curve for buy and hold trading strategy in contrast. The predictive MLP+GA model achieves 6.71 times of original capital from 1997-1-28 to 2007-3-8 while in the mean time, a non-predictive trading system only achieves 2.064 for 1 dollar investment, and buy and hold trading strategy generates 1.605 as final capital. In comparison, Huang and Quek et al. [10] use hierarchical coevolutionary fuzzy system (HiCEFS) to achieve 5.781 times of original capital on Hang Seng Index on the same trading days. Fig 45 Equity curve for intelligent and conventional trading systems Sample testing data is shown in Fig 47, it is obvious that prediction trading system would enter the market and exit the market earlier compared with trading system without prediction. However, using prediction has certain disadvantage. During non-trendy time, the proposed trading system may make wrong prediction and hence suffer some losses. For example, NN+GA trading system enters the market at day 61 at price 13030 and exit on the day 138 at price 15600, takes profit of 2570 points. On the other hand, for trading system without prediction, it enters the market at day 65 at price 13630 and exit at day 144 at price 13710, takes a profit of 80 points. That is the reason why the predictive model performs better than trading system without prediction. But during non-trendy market, such as around day 400, the trading system without prediction holds the position while the intelligent model made a wrong prediction. In this case, the investment incurred some losses. Fig 46 Trading signal of NN+GA trading system Fig 47 Trading signal of conventional trading system Moreover, another important criterion to evaluate the trading system is the maximum drawdown (MDD). MDD is defined as the maximum cumulative loss from a market peak to the following trough [22] The trading system using NN+GA suffers a MDD from 3.079 dollars to 2.443 dollars, which is 20.65% of the highest capital. In contrast, the trading system without prediction would have a MDD from 1.705 dollars to 1 dollar, which is 41.34% of the highest capital. Buy and Hold strategy suffers a MDD from 1 dollar to 0.466 dollar, which is 53.4% drop from the peak capital. Thus the NN+GA trading system reduced the risk involved. As it is shown in Fig 45 regarding the conventional trading system without prediction, the capital is back to original 1 dollar after 1276 trading days. This may shake peoples will to follow this system. On the other hand, the MDD happened in NN+GA trading system is from day 903 to day 930, which is easier for investors to follow the trading system. All the trading records are listed in appendix A. 4.3 GA Optimized SVR Trading System 4.3.1 Forecasting Performance The performance of forecasting future 5 days PPO using GA optimized SVR is evaluated in terms of MSE. MSE is 0.0058 for out of sample data, in contrast, MSE is 0.0087 in using GA optimized NN model for the same data. In another word, GA optimized SVR has smaller MSE, or better forecasting. In Fig 48, the difference between desired output and predicted output is plotted. However, better forecasting does not guarantee better profitability. Some wrong prediction at the top or at the bottom would bring larger losses comparing with wrong prediction at other situations. 4.3.2 Empirical Trading Results and Evaluation The same assumptions are made as using GA+NN trading system. In addition, 15 days EMA and 45 days EMA are used to form PPO. The equity curve of GA+SVR trading system is shown in Fig 49 with equity curve of conventional trading system in contrast. This GA+SVR trading system achieves 5.705 times of original capital. Fig 48 MSE for GA+SVR model Although this predictive model does not achieve profit as much as GA+NN model, it has its own advantage. First, this SVR model would provide consistent performance after each training session. Second, in term of prediction accuracy, GA+SVR model offers smaller prediction errors while GA+NN mode has larger errors. Last, it trades less frequently compared with GA+NN model, this would give investors different options to choose which type of trading systems are fitting to them. For active traders, GA+NN model could be more suitable for them, while for less active investors, GA+SVR model could be adopted since it trades less frequently. The comparison of GA+NN trading system, GA+SVR trading system, conventional trading system and buy and hold strategy is shown in Fig 410, the equity curves for 4 trading system mentioned above are plotted together for comparison. Fig 49 Equity curve for GA+SVR trading system and conventional trading system Trading System Final Equity MDD Win ratio Trading times Long position times Short position times GA+NN trading system 6.71 20.65% 49.6% 127 63 64 GA+SVR trading system 5.705 28.5% 44.8% 67 30 37 Conventional trading system 2.064 41.34% 48.7% 41 20 21 Buy and hold strategy 1.605 53.4% 100% 1 1 0 Table 43 Trading performance comparison Fig 410 Comparison of 4 trading systems 4.4 Further Evaluation In designing trading system, one of the most important issues is to avoid over curve fitting the system to back testing data. The more you bend your system around to improve performance on past data, the less likely it is your system will trade profitably in the future. Past performance will only approximate future performance to the extent the system is not over curve fitted. There are many ways to examine the over curve fitting trap. One way is to do back testing long enough. The longer the historical time period a system can trade profitably, the more robust it is. Another way to guard effectively against over-curve-fitting is to make sure your system works in many markets using the same parameters. Hence, the trading system is further evaluated by applying to Dow Jones Transportation Index (DJT). The data used as in sample training data is from 1968-9-20 to 1978-9-5, totally 2500 trading days, and data used as out of sample testing data is from 1978-9-6 to 1988-7-26, which is 2500 trading days. All data is from yahoo finance (https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=^DJT). All the same assumptions are the same as trading HSI using intelligent trading systems. The equity curves of GA+NN trading system and GA+SVR trading system are shown in Fig 411 with equity curve of conventional trading system in contrast. This GA+SVR trading system achieves 5.168 times of original capital, while the predictive GA+NN model achieves 4.87 times of original capital while in the mean time, a non-predictive trading system only achieves 2.805 for 1 dollar investment. Fig 411 Equity curves of different trading system on DJT GA+NN trading system and GA+SVR trading system outperform the conventional trading system again on DJT. This further proves that using computational intelligence would enhance the performance of conventional trading system. In addition, the proposed intelligent trading systems, using GA+NN or using GA+SVR, would survive in different market, such as DJT and HSI, and be able to generate profits consistently. Chapter 5 Conclusion In this project, a predictive trading system is proposed to trade on real market data of Hong Kong Hang Seng Index, and trade on Dow Jones Transportation Index as cross market validation. Neural network optimized by GA and support vector regression optimized by GA are implemented as predictive model in the trading system. The trading system mainly uses technical indicator price percentage oscillator (PPO) as trading rules. Hence the predictive model uses last 8 days PPO as input to predict future 5 days PPO, and based on predicted PPO to make trading decisions. The testing period is 10 years, which is long enough to reduce the possibility of curve fitting. The proposed predictive trading system produces around 3 times more profits on HSI compared with conventional trading system without prediction, and around 2 times more profits on DJT compared with non predictive trading system. Despite promising profits generated by the trading system, further improvements such as applying the system to other new immerging markets, such as China Stock market, or applying a better money management strategy can be considered as future research area. Furthermore, due to the randomness introduced by GA, neural network may not always be trained well enough every time. We shall study effective ways to assure reasonable performance for each training session. References [1] E. F. Fama, The Behavior of Stock Market Prices, Business, vol. 38, pp. 34-105, 1965. [2] A. P. N. Refenes, A. N. Burgess, and Y. Bentz, Neural networks in financial engineering: A study in methodology, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1222 1267, 1997. [3] CHEN, Kuan-Yu and Chia-Hui HO, An Improved Support Vector Regression Modeling for Taiwan Stock Exchange Market Weighted Index Forecasting, ICNNB 05: International Conference on Neural Networks and Brain, Volume 3, , 2005 [4] L. Cao and F. Tay, Support Vector Machine with adaptive parameters in financial time series forecasting, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1506-1518, 2003. [5] P.B. Patel and T. Marwala, forecasting closing price indices using neural networks. In International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pp. 2351-2356, Oct 8-11, 2006, Taipei, Taiwan. [6] S.H. Lee, H.J. Kim and J.S. Lim, forecasting short term KOSPI time series based on NEWFM, in Advance Language Processing and Web Information Technology (ALPIT), pp. 303-307, July, 2007. [7] B. Doeksen, A. Abraham, J. Thomas, and M. Paprzycki, Real stock trading using soft computing models, in Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC), 2005, vol. 2, pp. 162-167. [8] A.S. Chen, M. T. Leung, and H. Daouk, Application of neural networks to an emerging financial market: Forecasting and trading the Taiwan Stock Index, Computers and Operations Research, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 901-923, May 2003. [9] K.K. Ang and C. Quek, Stock Trading Using RSPOP: A Novel Rough Set-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Approach, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 17, no.5, pp. 1301 1315, 2006. [10] H.M. Huang, M. Pasquier, and C. Quek, Financial Market Trading System With a Hierarchical Coevolutionary Fuzzy Predictive Model, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 13, no.1, pp. 56 70, 2009. [11] H. Bandy, Quantitative Trading Systems, Blue Owl Press, 2007. [12] B. Krose and P.V.D Smagt, Introduction to Neural Network. The University of Amsterdam, 1996. [13] S. Russell and P. Norvig. Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach. p. 578. [14] A.E.Bryson and Yu-Chi Ho. Applied optimal control: optimization, estimation, and control. Xerox College Publishing. pp. 481. [15] P.N. Bahrun and M.N. Taib, Selected Malaysia Stock Predictions using Artificial Neural Network, in International Colloquium on Signal Processing Its Applications (CSPA), 2009, pp. 428 431. [16] Lipo Wang (ed.), Support Vector Machines: Theory and Applications. Berlin, Springer, 2005. [17] C.W. Hsu, C.C. Chang, and C.J. Lin, A practical guide to support vector classification, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 2003. [Online]. Available: https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/papers/guide/guide.pdf [18] H. Drucker, C. J.C. Burges, L. Kaufman, A. Smola and V. Vapnik. Support Vector Regression Machines. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 9, NIPS 1996, 155-161, MIT Press. [19] A. J. Smola and B. Scholkopf, A tutorial on support vector regression, NeuroCOLT2 Technical Report NC2-TR-1998-030, 2003. [20] John J. Murphy, Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets ,New York Institute of Finance, 1999, pages 1-5,24-31. [21] M. Magdon-Ismail, A. Atiya, Maximum Drawdown, Risk Magazine, Volume 17, Number 10, pp. 99-102, October, 2004. [22] M. Magdon-Ismail, A. Atiya, A. Pratap, Y. Abu-Mostafa, On the Maximum Drawdown of a Brownian Motion, Journal of Applied Probability, Vol. 41, no. 1, PP. 147-161, March, 2004. [23] Appendix The trading details of NN+GA trading system on HSI are listed below. There would be price difference between exit and enter on the same day. This is due to consideration of slippage and commissions. enter short position at price 12414.3 at trading day 45 exit short position at price 13020.8 at trading day 61 enter long position at price 13033.8 at trading day 61 exit long position at price 15598.9 at trading day 138 enter short position at price 15583.3 at trading day 138 exit short position at price 15547.2 at trading day 139 enter long position at price 15562.7 at trading day 139 exit long position at price 15534 at trading day 140 enter short position at price 15518.5 at trading day 140 exit short position at price 14776.8 at trading day 165 enter long position at price 14791.6 at trading day 165 exit long position at price 14810.8 at trading day 166 enter short position at price 14796 at trading day 166 exit short position at price 10525.5 at trading day 244 enter long position at price 10536 at trading day 244 exit long position at price 10232 at trading day 254 enter short position at price 10221.8 at trading day 254 exit short position at price 10671 at trading day 255 enter long position at price 10681.7 at trading day 255 exit long position at price 11151.6 at trading day 295 enter short position at price 11140.4 at trading day 295 exit short position at price 10968.3 at trading day 296 enter long position at price 10979.3 at trading day 296 exit long position at price 10977.5 at trading day 297 enter short position at price 10966.5 at trading day 297 exit short position at price 8189.25 at trading day 395 enter long position at price 8197.44 at trading day 395 exit long position at price 7849.96 at trading day 397 enter short position at price 7842.11 at trading day 397 exit short position at price 7701.61 at trading day 408 enter long position at price 7709.31 at trading day 408 exit long position at price 7946.04 at trading day 409 enter short position at price 7938.09 at trading day 409 exit short position at price 7837.61 at trading day 410 enter long position at price 7845.45 at trading day 410 exit long position at price 7883.46 at trading day 411 enter short position at price 7875.58 at trading day 411 exit short position at price 7564.54 at trading day 412 enter long position at price 7572.1 at trading day 412 exit long position at price 7744.72 at trading day 413 enter short position at price 7736.98 at trading day 413 exit short position at price 8506.79 at trading day 415 enter long position at price 8515.3 at trading day 415 exit long position at price 9499.5 at trading day 488 enter short position at price 9490 at trading day 488 exit short position at price 9913.58 at trading day 511 enter long position at price 9923.49 at trading day 511 exit long position at price 12436.9 at trading day 567 enter short position at price 12424.4 at trading day 567 exit short position at price 12346.9 at trading day 568 enter long position at price 12359.3 at trading day 568 exit long position at price 12409.2 at trading day 569 enter short position at price 12396.8 at trading day 569 exit short position at price 12308.5 at trading day 570 enter long position at price 12320.8 at trading day 570 exit long position at price 12059.3 at trading day 571 enter short position at price 12047.2 at trading day 571 exit short position at price 12471.6 at trading day 575 enter long position at price 12484.1 at trading day 575 exit long position at price 13093.7 at trading day 609 enter short position at price 13080.6 at trading day 609 exit short position at price 13473.8 at trading day 616 enter long position at price 13487.3 at trading day 616 exit long position at price 13591 at trading day 617 enter short position at price 13577.4 at trading day 617 exit short position at price 13254.3 at trading day 618 enter long position at price 13267.6 at trading day 618 exit long position at price 13167.1 at trading day 619 enter short position at price 13153.9 at trading day 619 exit short position at price 13566.7 at trading day 629 enter long position at price 13580.3 at trading day 629 exit long position at price 13214.4 at trading day 652 enter short position at price 13201.2 at trading day 652 exit short position at price 13322.1 at trading day 677 enter long position at price 13335.4 at trading day 677 exit long position at price 15574.6 at trading day 730 enter short position at price 15559 at trading day 730 exit short position at price 15275.3 at trading day 732 enter long position at price 15290.6 at trading day 732 exit long position at price 15167.5 at trading day 735 enter short position at price 15152.4 at trading day 735 exit short position at price 15917.8 at trading day 738 enter long position at price 15933.7 at trading day 738 exit long position at price 15653.9 at trading day 741 enter short position at price 15638.2 at trading day 741 exit short position at price 15789.8 at trading day 742 enter long position at price 15805.6 at trading day 742 exit long position at price 16491.4 at trading day 785 enter short position at price 16474.9 at trading day 785 exit short position at price 16850.7 at trading day 787 enter long position at price 16867.6 at trading day 787 exit long position at price 16487.7 at trading day 788 enter short position at price 16471.2 at trading day 788 exit short position at price 15278.3 at trading day 793 enter long position at price 15293.6 at trading day 793 exit long position at price 15367.1 at trading day 795 enter short position at price 15351.8 at trading day 795 exit short position at price 15900.1 at trading day 824 enter long position at price 15916 at trading day 824 exit long position at price 16629.8 at trading day 893 enter short position at price 16613.2 at trading day 893 exit short position at price 15820.8 at trading day 930 enter long position at price 15836.6 at trading day 930 exit long position at price 15504.8 at trading day 932 enter short position at price 15489.3 at trading day 932 exit short position at price 15329.6 at trading day 955 enter long position at price 15344.9 at trading day 955 exit long position at price 15024.5 at trading day 959 enter short position at price 15009.5 at trading day 959 exit short position at price 15188 at trading day 960 enter long position at price 15203.2 at trading day 960 exit long position at price 14659.3 at trading day 962 enter short position at price 14644.7 at trading day 962 exit short position at price 15436.5 at trading day 971 enter long position at price 15452 at trading day 971 exit long position at price 15527.4 at trading day 999 enter short position at price 15511.8 at trading day 999 exit short position at price 13718.1 at trading day 1046 enter long position at price 13731.9 at trading day 1046 exit long position at price 13600.8 at trading day 1048 enter short position at price 13587.2 at trading day 1048 exit short position at price 13585.1 at trading day 1050 enter long position at price 13598.7 at trading day 1050 exit long position at price 13636.6 at trading day 1052 enter short position at price 13623 at trading day 1052 exit short position at price 13459.2 at trading day 1057 enter long position at price 13472.6 at trading day 1057 exit long position at price 13721.3 at trading day 1058 enter short position at price 13707.5 at trading day 1058 exit short position at price 13878 at trading day 1059 enter long position at price 13891.8 at trading day 1059 exit long position at price 13174.4 at trading day 1066 enter short position at price 13161.2 at trading day 1066 exit short position at price 13703.4 at trading day 1071 enter long position at price 13717.1 at trading day 1071 exit long position at price 13523.3 at trading day 1075 enter short position at price 13509.8 at trading day 1075 exit short position at price 10609.3 at trading day 1176 enter long position at price 10619.9 at trading day 1176 exit long position at price 11209.4 at trading day 1219 enter short position at price 11198.2 at trading day 1219 exit short position at price 11013.6 at trading day 1220 enter long position at price 11024.6 at trading day 1220 exit long position at price 10964.1 at trading day 1221 enter short position at price 10953.1 at trading day 1221 exit short position at price 11003 at trading day 1253 enter long position at price 11014 at trading day 1253 exit long position at price 10863.1 at trading day 1265 enter short position at price 10852.2 at trading day 1265 exit short position at price 11032.9 at trading day 1269 enter long position at price 11044 at trading day 1269 exit long position at price 10878 at trading day 1270 enter short position at price 10867.2 at trading day 1270 exit short position at price 11217.2 at trading day 1281 enter long position at price 11228.4 at trading day 1281 exit long position at price 11359.8 at trading day 1311 enter short position at price 11348.4 at trading day 1311 exit short position at price 11312.5 at trading day 1312 enter long position at price 11323.9 at trading day 1312 exit long position at price 11402.4 at trading day 1313 enter short position at price 11391 at trading day 1313 exit short position at price 9787.49 at trading day 1411 enter long position at price 9797.28 at trading day 1411 exit long position at price 9560.46 at trading day 1415 enter short position at price 9550.9 at trading day 1415 exit short position at price 9655.36 at trading day 1419 enter long position at price 9665.02 at trading day 1419 exit long position at price 9613.84 at trading day 1424 enter short position at price 9604.23 at trading day 1424 exit short position at price 9865.65 at trading day 1427 enter long position at price 9875.52 at trading day 1427 exit long position at price 9656.46 at trading day 1448 enter short position at price 9646.8 at trading day 1448 exit short position at price 9834.08 at trading day 1465 enter long position at price 9843.91 at trading day 1465 exit long position at price 9552.02 at trading day 1470 enter short position at price 9542.47 at trading day 1470 exit short position at price 9155.57 at trading day 1544 enter long position at price 9164.73 at trading day 1544 exit long position at price 13024.1 at trading day 1753 enter short position at price 13011 at trading day 1753 exit short position at price 12326.9 at trading day 1811 enter long position at price 12339.2 at trading day 1811 exit long position at price 12050.7 at trading day 1817 enter short position at price 12038.6 at trading day 1817 exit short position at price 12185.5 at trading day 1824 enter long position at price 12197.7 at trading day 1824 exit long position at price 12285.8 at trading day 1827 enter short position at price 12273.5 at trading day 1827 exit short position at price 12220.1 at trading day 1828 enter long position at price 12232.4 at trading day 1828 exit long position at price 11939.4 at trading day 1837 enter short position at price 11927.5 at trading day 1837 exit short position at price 12123.6 at trading day 1840 enter long position at price 12135.8 at trading day 1840 exit long position at price 12395.1 at trading day 1841 enter short position at price 12382.7 at trading day 1841 exit short position at price 12320.2 at trading day 1842 enter long position at price 12332.5 at trading day 1842 exit long position at price 12852.4 at trading day 1907 enter short position at price 12839.5 at trading day 1907 exit short position at price 13054.7 at trading day 1910 enter long position at price 13067.7 at trading day 1910 exit long position at price 13712 at trading day 1958 enter short position at price 13698.3 at trading day 1958 exit short position at price 13578.3 at trading day 1976 enter long position at price 13591.8 at trading day 1976 exit long position at price 13555.8 at trading day 1977 enter short position at price 13542.2 at trading day 1977 exit short position at price 13845.6 at trading day 1981 enter long position at price 13859.5 at trading day 1981 exit long position at price 13772 at trading day 1997 enter short position at price 13758.2 at trading day 1997 exit short position at price 13941.5 at trading day 1999 enter long position at price 13955.4 at trading day 1999 exit long position at price 13890.9 at trading day 2001 enter short position at price 13877 at trading day 2001 exit short position at price 13906.9 at trading day 2002 enter long position at price 13920.8 at trading day 2002 exit long position at price 13832.5 at trading day 2004 enter short position at price 13818.7 at trading day 2004 exit short position at price 13776.5 at trading day 2008 enter long position at price 13790.2 at trading day 2008 exit long position at price 13603.6 at trading day 2009 enter short position at price 13590 at trading day 2009 exit short position at price 13750.2 at trading day 2029 enter long position at price 13764 at trading day 2029 exit long position at price 13627 at trading day 2044 enter short position at price 13613.4 at trading day 2044 exit short position at price 13867.1 at trading day 2053 enter long position at price 13880.9 at trading day 2053 exit long position at price 14847.8 at trading day 2144 enter short position at price 14832.9 at trading day 2144 exit short position at price 14629.5 at trading day 2169 enter long position at price 14644.1 at trading day 2169 exit long position at price 14627.4 at trading day 2170 enter short position at price 14612.8 at trading day 2170 exit short position at price 14788 at trading day 2172 enter long position at price 14802.8 at trading day 2172 exit long position at price 15542.1 at trading day 2249 enter short position at price 15526.5 at trading day 2249 exit short position at price 15519.8 at trading day 2250 enter long position at price 15535.3 at trading day 2250 exit long position at price 15720.4 at trading day 2251 enter short position at price 15704.6 at trading day 2251 exit short position at price 15729 at trading day 2252 enter long position at price 15744.8 at trading day 2252 exit long position at price 16313.4 at trading day 2294 enter short position at price 16297 at trading day 2294 exit short position at price 15805.5 at trading day 2295 enter long position at price 15821.3 at trading day 2295 exit long position at price 15864.6 at trading day 2296 enter short position at price 15848.7 at trading day 2296 exit short position at price 16326.7 at trading day 2324 enter long position at price 16343 at trading day 2324 27